Part II
In Lecture 6, we continue our review of materials related tociphers created in languages other than English. In order toaugment PHOENIX's soon to be published ACA Xenocrypt Handbook,we will focus on six diverse systems: Arabic, Russian, Chinese,Latin, Norwegian, and Hungarian. Each offers a uniqueperspective in deciphering communications and supports thecultural universal concept presented in Lecture 5.
Lecture 7 will give practical language data for Xenocryptscommonly published in the Cryptogram - French, Italian,Spanish, Portuguese. [I will not cover either Esperantoor Interlinguia. I consider both as useful as advanced Hittitein modern communications.]
I have transmitted to the Crypto Drop Box word translationsoftware for Russian, Spanish, German, Danish and Portuguese.Single use license is granted. Also, I have sent a Russiantutorial program to NORTH DECODER to put on the Crypto Drop.
A colleague of mine in Sweden sent me an interesting reminderof the historical foundations of cryptology. He suggested thatI include in one of my lectures a discussion of Dr. Ibrahim A.Al-Kadi's outstanding 1990 paper to the Swedish Royal Instituteof Technology in Stockholm regarding the Arabic contributionsto cryptology.
Dr. Al-Kadi reported on the Arabic scientist by the name of AbuYusuf Yaqub ibn Is-haq ibn as Sabbah ibn 'omran ibn Ismail Al-Kindi, who authored a book on cryptology the "Risalah fiIstikhraj al-Mu'amma" (Manuscript for the DecipheringCryptographic Messages) circa 750 AD. Al-Kindi introducedcryptanalysis techniques, classification of ciphers, ArabicPhonetics and Syntax and most importantly described the use ofseveral statistical techniques for cryptanalysis. [This bookapparently antedates other cryptology references by 300 years.][It also predates writings on probability and statistics byPascal and Fermat by nearly 800 years.]
Dr. Al-Kadi also reported on the mathematical writings of Al-Khwarizmi (780-847) who introduced common technical terms suchas 'zero', 'cipher', 'algorithm', 'algebra' and 'Arabicnumerals.' The decimal number system and the concept of zerowere originally developed in India.
The Arabs translated in the early ninth century, Brahmagupta's"Siddharta" from Sanscrit into Arabic. The new numerals werequickly adopted through-out the Islamic empire from China toSpain. Translations of Al-Khwarizmi's book on arithmetic byRobert of Chester, John of Halifax and the Italian Leonardo ofPisa, aka Fibonacci strongly advocated the use of Arabicnumerals over the previous Roman Standard Numerals(I,V,X,C,D,M).
The Roman system was very cumbersome because there was noconcept of zero or (empty space). The concept of zero which weall think of as natural was just the opposite in medievalEurope. In Sanscrit, the zero was called "sunya" or "empty".The Arabs translated the Indian into the Arabic equivalent"sifr". Europeans adopted the concept and symbol but not name,but transformed it into Latin equivalent "cifra" and"cephirium" {Fibonnaci did this}. The Italian equivalent ofthese words "zefiro", "zefro" and "zevero". The latter wasshortened to "Zero".
The French formed the word "chiffre" and conceded the Italianword "zero". The English used "zero" and "Cipher" from theword ciphering as a means of computing. The Germans used thewords "ziffer" and "chiffer".
The concept of zero or sifr or cipher was so confusing andambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people wouldsay "talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher". Ciphercame to mean concealment of clear messages or simplyencryption. Dr. Al-Kadi concluded that the Arabic word sifr,for the digit zero, developed into the European technical termfor encryption. [KADI], [ALKA], [MRAY], [YOUS], [BADE] ,[NIC7]
Reference [DAVI] gives one of the better breakdowns of themodern Russian Alphabet (Soviet, post 1918) for solving RussianCryptograms in "The Cryptogram".
Friedman presents detailed Russian cryptographic data inVolume 2 of his Military Cryptanalytics series. [FR2]
A prime difficulty for English speaking students of Russian isthe scarcity of linguistic cognates in the two languages.Russian is more complex than other romantic languages whichhave many common word derivatives. The highly inflectedRussian grammar aids rather than hinders the cryptographer bysupplying him with valuable tools for decrypting.
My keyboard and supporting software does not permit acomfortable translation of the Cyrillic, so I refer you to theSeptember-October 1976 Cryptogram for a survey of Russianand several Xenocrypt examples.
Radio communications can be heard which vary in frequency frombelow the broadcast band, to almost the upper edge of the radiospectrum (Ku-band satellite communications.)Common bands are:
VLF (Very Low Frequency): 3 to 30 kHzLF (Low Frequency): 30 to 300 kHzMF (Medium Frequency): 300 kHz to 3 MHzHF (High Frequency): 3 to 30 MHzVHF (Very High Frequency): 30 to 300 MHzUHF (Ultra High Frequency): 300 to 3000 MHzWhereas, VHF and UHF frequency ranges are occupied by cellularphones, police, fire and government communications, the bulk ofHF region is devoted to COMINT signals. You should be able tohear traffic from all over the globe, rather than the 50-75mile limit on the VHF and UHF bands. Three types of HF radiocommunications may be heard/intercepted: continuous wave(CW/Morse Code), single side band (SSB), and radio teletype(RTTY). The Cubans seem to favor the latter form ofcommunication, especially from their revitalized center atLourdes.
Tom Roach [ROAC] has been monitoring Russian messages for sometime. He uses a Watkins-Johnson HF-1000 receiver, a Rhombicantenna, a Singer MT-5 Spectrum Analyzer, a Universal M-7000decoder ( allows viewing the Russian in its native Cyrillicalphabet) a Sony TCD-07 recorder, and Hitachi V-302FOscilloscope with X/Y tuning capability for RTTYcommunications.
[ROAC] suggests that the best hunting grounds for Russian RTTYtraffic are:
Roach has identified several types of Russian messages:
SESS KRIPTOGRAMMA - originated by Soviet Space Event SupportShips (SESS).KRIPTOGRAMMA NA PERFOLENTE - refers to a key additive(originally a paper tape Vernam type series.)KRIPTOGRAMMA KODA - code book transmissions.KRIPTOGRAMMA ADMIN - Super enciphered communications.Other types of messages [ROAC] identified DISP/1 to reportdisposition of ships, PAGODA messages for weather reports,MORE messages to report administrative and sea conditions,Personal Itinerary, Fuel related, 10 slash, PARTI messages todiscuss status of ship's holds and bunkers.
Russian achievements in the art of cryptography rank first rateto say the least. Three of my favorite cipher Russian systemsare: 1) Nihilist, 2) VIC - Disruption (aka straddling bipartitemonoalphabetic substitution super-enciphered by modified doubletransposition) and 3) the One-Time Pad. Each of these systemsintroduced tactical advantages for adverse communication andhad limited disadvantages for their service.
For some reason, Russian prisoners were not allowed computersin their cells. Inmates were forbidden to talk, and to outwittheir jailers they invented a "knock" system to indicate therows and columns of a simple checkerboard (Polybius square at5x5 for English or 6x6 for 35 Russian letters). For ex:
1 2 3 4 5 1 U N Ij T E 2 D S A O F KW=United States Of 3 M R C B G America 4 H K L P Q i/j = same cell 5 V W X Y Z repeats omittedPT: g o t a c i g a r e t t e ?CT: 35 24 14 23 33 13 35 23 32 15 14 14 15Prisoners memorized the proper numbers and "talked" at about10-15 words per minute. One of the advantages was that itafforded communication by a great variety of media - anythingthat could be dotted, knotted, pierced, flashed or indicatenumerals in any way could be used. The innocuous letter wasalways suspicious. [KAH1]
Cipher text letters were indicated by the number of letterswritten together; breaks in count by spaces in handwriting;upstrokes, downstrokes, thumbnail prints, all subtly used tobootleg secrets in and out of prisons. The system wasuniversal in penal institutions. American POW's used it inVietnam. [LEWY], [SOLZ]
Transposition of the KW provided a further mixed alphabet:
B L A C K S M I T H D E F G N O P Q R U V W X Y Z taken off by columns:B D V L E W A F X C G Y K N Z S O M P I Q T R H UThe Polybius square would be: 1 2 3 4 5 1 B D V L E 2 W A F X C 3 G Y K N Z 4 S O M P I 5 Q T R H UThe Nihilists, so named for their opposition to the czaristregime, added a repeating numerical KW . Making the cipher aperiodic similar to the Vigenere but with additionalweaknesses.
Let KW = ARISE 22 53 45 41 15PT: bomb winter palaceNT: 11 42 43 11 21 45 34 52 15 53 44 22 14 22 25 15Key: 22 53 45 41 15 22 53 45 41 15 22 53 45 41 15 22CT: 33 97 88 52 36 67 87 97 56 68 66 75 59 63 40 37or with bifurcation: 33978 85236 67879 75668 66755 96340 37774 nulls=774
A simpler form of the Nihilist was in double transposition.The plain-text was written in by rows (or diagonals); a keywordswitched the rows; a same or different keyword switched thecolumns, and the resulting cipher text was removed by columnsor by one of forty (40) or more routes out of the square.
ex: KW = SCOTIA or 524631PT: let us hear from you at once concerning jewels xxxx Transpose by Columns Transpose by Rows S C O T I A 5 2 4 6 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 61 S E U H T L (let us h) S 5 E U J W T O2 R A F O R E C 2 R A F O R E3 A Y U T O M O 4 A N E B C O4 A N E B C O T 6 X L X X S E5 E U J W T O I 3 A Y U T O M6 X L X X S E A 1 S E U H T LX= bad choice for nulls
The resulting cryptogram:
E U J W T O R A F O R E A N E B C O X L X X S E AY U T O M S E U H T L.(message length and 5th group are entries to solution)
Clues to cryptanalysis of the Nihilist systems werereconstructing the routes, evenness of distribution of vowels,period determination and digram/trigram frequency in ciphertext. The USA Army for many years used a similar system.Reference [COUR] discusses the U.S. Army Double TranspositionCipher in detail.
The Vic-Disruption Cipher brought the old Nihilist Substitutionto a peak of perfection. It merged the straddling checkerboardwith the one-time key. It increased the efficiency of thecheckerboard by specifically giving the high frequency letters(O,S,N,E,A; P,G ) the single digits (along with two lowfrequency letters). The seven letters: 'snegopa' compriseabout 40% of normal Russian text. Let me focus on interestingelements.
STRADDLING BIPARTITE MONOALPHABETIC SUBSTITUTION SUPER-ENCIPHERED BY MODIFIED DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION or simply, VIC -DISRUPTION or just "VIC."
The VIC algorithm is described as follows:
The plain text is encoded by a Substitution Table (ST). Theintermediate cipher text [ICT] is then passed through two (2)transposition tables (TT1 and TT2), each performing a differenttransposition on the ICT.
TT1 performs a simple columnar transposition: the ICT is placedin TT1 by rows and removed by columns in the order of TT1'scolumnar key and transcribed into TT2.
TT2 is vertically partitioned into Disruption , or D areas.These partitions are formed by diagonals extending down thetable to the right boundary in columnar key order. The first Darea begins under column keynumber 1 and extends down to theright border of TT2. A row is skipped. The second D areastarts under keynumber 2. The process continues for the entirekey. The number of rows in TT2 .ne. TT1 and is calculated bydividing the number of cipher text input digits by the width ofthe table.
The ICT from TT1 is inscribed into TT2 horizontally from leftto right skipping the D areas. When all the non D area isfilled , then the D areas are filled in the same way. Thecipher text is removed by column per key order without regardto the D areas.
The VIC system used four memorized keys. Key 1 - the date ofWWII victory over Japan - 3/9/1945; Key 2 - the sequence of 5numbers like pi - 3.1415; Key 3 - the first 20 letters of the"Lone Accordion", or famous Russian song/poem, and Key 4 - theagent number, say 7. Key 1 was changed regularly. Key 4 waschanged irregularly.
The keys were used to generate the keys for transposition andthe coordinates for a checkerboard for substitution through acomplex LRE (Left to right enumeration) logic. The processinjected an arbitrary 5 number group into the cipher text whichstrongly influenced the end result. This group changed frommessage to message, so the enciphering keys (and cipher text)would bear no exploitable relationship to each other. Not onlydid TT1 and TT2 keys differ but also the widths of the blocksdid as well.
The coordinates kept changing. The D areas prevented theanalyst from back derivation of the first TT1. The D areasincreased the difficulty of finding the pattern and thestraddling effect on the checkerboard increased the difficultyof frequency counts. Although not impossible to break, inpractice a tough monkey indeed. The FBI failed for four yearsto solve it.
All arithmetic was done modulo 10, without carrying orborrowing.
An English ST table might look like this:
4 9 1 6 0 8 5 2 3 7 R E A S O N b 2 B C D F G H J K L M 3 P Q I U V W X T Z 1 7 3 5 7 9 . , b $ % -b = space character
top line are among most frequent English letters similar to'SNEGOPAD' in Russian.
Ambiguity in decipherment is reduced because the last threeslots in the first row are empty and the first coordinate ofthe two coordinate characters is unique.
[VOGE] gives a detailed look at the key generation recursionmathematics for this cipher. It describes the LRE(left to right enumeration) process in nauseating detail.
The TT1 and TT2 are built up on the recursion sequenceX(i+5) = X(i) + X(i+1) for i = 1,5 using mod 10 math. Key 1was used to insert at end of message (5th unit in thisexample). Key 1 was also the initial point for a series ofmanipulations with Key 2,3,and 4.
Hayhanen incorporated some nasty refinements. Beforeencipherment, the plain text was bifurcated and the two halvesswitched so that the standard beginnings and endings could notbe identified. The ST contained a 'message starts' character.The ST was extended to ASCII characters. The VIC enciphermentconsisted of one round. After 1970, with the advent ofprogrammable hand calculators, a multiple round version wasproduced.
Consisting of simple enough elements, this cipher is one toughmonkey.
The complication in substitution was the straddling device onthe checkerboard. The irregular alternating of coordinates oftwo different lengths makes it harder for cryptanalysis bydividing the list into proper pairs and singletons.
The complication in the transposition was the Disruption areas.D areas blocked the reconstruction of the first tableau. Acorrect sorting of the columns is forestalled by the D areas. The One-Time Pad was covered in LECTURE 3 and we are remindedthat it is truly an unbreakable cipher system. There are manydescriptions of this cipher. Bruce Schneier's discussions arequite relevant. [SCHN] , [SCH2] The One-Time Pad has a drawback - the quantities of fresh keyrequired. For military messages in the field (a fluidsituation) a practical limit is reached. It is impossible toproduce and distribute sufficient fresh key to the units.During WWII, the US Army's European theater HQs transmitted,even before the Normandy invasion, 2 million five (5) lettercode groups a day! It would have therefore consumed 10 millionletters of key every 24 hours - the equivalent of a shelf of 20average books. [SCHN] The Four Corner System encodes characters into several genericshapes. Each character is broken into four (4) quadrants, andassigned a digit to the generic shape that best corresponds tothe actual shape. The Chinese Phonetic Alphabet is Pinyin with symbols instead ofEnglish letters. Each symbol corresponds to one of 37 orderedphonetic sounds. The 21 initial, 3 medial and 13 finals are aunique ordered set - a true alphabet. The strength of encryption of Chinese is dependent on thespecific Chinese encoding character schemes. Three cases are: Tone indicator digits were about 22--23% likely. Dr. August presents a table of digraphs. [AUG2] Combinationsof Xn - Ym where n= 0-9 and m=0,1,2,3,4,7 showed highestfrequencies of text encoded with 5 digit scheme. The Chinese strategist Sun Tzu (500 b.c.) recommended a truebut small code, which limited the plaintext to 40 elementsand assigned them to the first 40 characters of a poem, forminga substitution table. Richard Deacon describes a method ofcode encryption which the secret society Triads used in theearly 1800's. [DEAC] The Tong's in San Francisco used thesame system. This method limited the plaintext space and basedcodewords on multiples of three. The "Inner Ring" techniques taught to Sa Bu Nim's (teachers)by the masters of Korean Tae Kwon Do (which came from theAncient Tae Kwan and before that Kung Fu) were passed on bymeans of codeword transposition ciphers. [CHOI] In 1985, SunYat-Sen used codes to transmit information by telegraph.[TUKK]) During WWII, Herbert Yardley taught Kuomintangsoldiers to cryptanalyze Japanese ciphers. However, theJapanese had already outpaced the Chinese in cryptanalyticalabilities. Japan's Chuo tokujobu (Central Bureau Of Signal Intelligence)was responsible for crypto-communication and signalintelligence, including cryptanalysis, translation,interception, and direction finding against the Soviet Union,China and Britain. It began operations in 1921. [YUKI],[YAR1] In May 1928, the Angohan (Codes and Ciphers Office) obtainedexcellent results in intercepting and decoding Chinese codesduring the Sino-Japanese clash at Tsinan between ChiangKaishek's Northern Expeditionary Army and the IJA (ImperialJapanese Army). [FUMI] The warlord Chang Tso-lin was murdered in June 1928. Angohansucceeded in decoding "Young Marshal" Chang Hsueh-liang'ssecret communications and made a substantial contribution tothe understanding of the warlord politics of Manchuria. [SANB] The Anjohan not only mastered the basics of Chinese codes andciphers but also broke the Nanking Government and the ChineseLegation codes in Tokyo. [YOKO] The Chinese codes in 1935 were called "Mingma". They werebasically made up of four digit numbers. The Chinese did notencode the name of either the sender or receiver, nor the dateor the time of the message. The China Garrison Army'sTokujohan office was able to disclose the composition,strength, and activities of Chiang Kai-shek's branch armies,such as those led by Sung Che-yuan and Chang Hseuh-liang. Itwas not able to decode the Chinese Communist or Air Forcemessages. [HIDE] By the time of the 1937 Sino-Japanese War, Japanesecryptanalytical experts had been able to greatly expand theirknowledge of the Chinese system of codes and ciphers, as wellas improve their decoding skills. About 80% of what wasintercepted was decoded. This included military and diplomaticcodes but not the Communist code messages. [EIIC] Chinese Nationalists upgraded their Mingma codes in 1938. Theyadopted a different system, called tokushu daihon (special codebook) in Japanese which complicated by mixing compound words.By October, 1940, Chiang Kai-shek's main forces were using arepeating key system. This stumped the Japanese cryptanalystsfor a short time, then they returned to a 75% decoding levelduring the war. They continued to make great contributions tomajor military operations in China. [HIDE] The Japanese broke the Kuomintang codes during the ChungyuangOperation in the Southern Shansi or Chungt'iao MountainCampaign. [CHUN] In February 1941, significant penetrationof Communist signal traffic was obtained. [YOKO] The tokujo operations against the North China Area Army and theChinese Communist codes was tragic failure. [HISA] The IJA'sChina experts held a highly negative image towards the Chinese. This may have prejudiced their attitude towards intelligenceestimates of China and the Chinese which in turn adverselyaffected their operational (crypto-intelligence) thinking onChina in general. [THEO] When the Sian mutiny broke out and Chiang Kai-shek waskidnapped in December 1936, Major General Isogai (IJA's leadingexpert in COMINT for China) toasted (more like roasted) thedemise of Chiang. Colonel Kanji Ishiwara (Japan's chiefmilitary strategist) deplored the incident because he feltChina was on the brink of unity because of Chiang Kai-shek'sefforts. He considered the ability to read Chiang's codes justa matter of doing the business of war. [SHIN] The Latin alphabet is the same as the English-languagealphabet, except that it has no equivalents for K, W, J, or U.These have crept into current usage for their phonetic value.The J replaced I as in hic jacet instead of the classical hiciacet. The letter W has no equivalent. The letter U was theGreek Y, and in classical times was written as a U. C is nowused to form the hard sound as in CEL instead of KEL. A doubleUU approximated a W. Latin therefore is a 25 letter alphabet. The order of frequency according to Kluber, reduced topercentages, taken from reference [TRAI]: IC = .0647 Vowels A, E I O - 33% Consonants D L N R S T - 41% of letters Hungarian has four special characteristics: Ger-4. Ungerechtes Schicksal. Eng. K4 GEMINATOR Any mistakes you find are quite likely mine. Please let me know about them by e-mailing: Thanks.ONE-TIME PAD REVISITED
FRESH KEY DRAWBACK
RANDOMNESS
CHINESE CRYPTOGRAPHY
ENCIPHERING
3 Xj = U v1 eq 1 1-3
This union is called an asymmetric code. 1). Phonetic Alphabet Only: The cipher must include both a transposition (to hide cohesion and positional limitations) and a substitution (to hide the frequency patterns.) 2) Four Corner System: The cipher can be based on ring operations [performed on codewords rather than characters, either on an individual basis or over the whole message; the name comes from the algebraic operations involving integers mod 10 or mod 37] which super-encipher the encoded text. 3) Combination of Methods 1) and 2): A text encoded by a combination of both methods will need a cipher employing both transposition and substitution. The transposition needs to mix up the symbols within codewords and the message itself. This prevents a bifurcated analysis. [AUG1], [AUG2]
CRYPTANALYSIS OF CHINESE CIPHERS
A) Phonetic Alphabet:
12.6 7 5.7 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.4 3 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.2 I U D ENG/E an/en SH X/ZH J/u G O ao H2.1 2 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1ang a/b/ai/B/z ei Q ou/M ie L F R0.8 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.1 t n/c ch k/s p/elInitials: sh, dMedials: iFinals: e, en, eng, in, un, ing, ongPhi for monalphabetic substitution = 0.051 (random text = 0.027)Common Digraphs: ji, ieng, ueng, gu, de, ian, iie, li, ien, qi, xi, uo, izh, zu, shi
Positional Limitations: 1. Initials follow a medial or final. 2. Finals follow an initial or medial. 3. [zh, ch, sh ] do not combine with i or u'. 4. [ j, q, x ] do not combine with a or e finals. 5. qa, qan = no but quan, qian, qia = yes 6. no double phonetics in a single codeword. 7. medials double frequently. 8. 13 limits on combinations within a codeword.
Approximately 63% of characters require 2 phonetic symbols.About 1/3 were three long, and about 4% are one symbol.B) Four Corner
Digital frequencies: 0 = .30 1 = .14 2 = .15 3 = .07 4 = .10 5 = .03 6 = .07 7 = .08 8 = .04 9 = .02
Phi value = 0.160 compared to random text value of 0.100DEPENDENCE
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
LATIN
I - 10.1 M - 3.4 V - 0.7E - 9.2 C - 3.3 X - 0.6U - 7.4 P - 3.0 H - 0.5T - 7.2 L - 2.1 J - 0A - 7.2 D - 1.7 K - 0S - 6.8 G - 1.4 Y - 0R - 6.8 Q - 1.3 Z - 0N - 6.0 B - 1.2O - 4.4 F - 0.9Vowels: I E U A OConsonants: T S R N M C P L D Q B F V X HInitials: S I A P E Q C V M D N F H R T U L O G JFinals: S E T M A I O N D R L C UDoubled Letters: S L M P T C N R U ZVowel Combinations:AE AU AI ; EA EI EO ; IA IO IE IAE ; OA OE OI OAE OIA ;UA UE UI UO UU UAE UIA UIUConsonant combinations:NT ST ND SP PB CT SG NS NP LTFrequent reversals:UM EN ER NT TI TE ON RT RE ES IS ME IT TA US SE IC TUST IE PE CI RUDigraph endings:IS UM US AM AE TA NT EN RE OS AS UE ES RA AT IT ET IA IOOB ST SE TE RI OR UR ER NI RI UI NO EL DI PE NA VA NS ED IN NESA MO SI SO ROTrigraph word endings:ERE QUE UNT RIS RUS IUM LIS LUM TIS UAM UOD NTA ARE IAMNIS RAT NEM ROS TAS TES TIO ANT ATA CAE CUM ENT ITA IUS LAE NAMNES NIA RUM URA VIS TEM TAE TUSFavorite letter positions:A H 2H 2E N 2E EB H O 2H 2EC H P HD H E Q H 2HE H 2H E R 2H 2EF H S E HG E H T E 2E HH 2H E H U 2H 2EI 3E 2E 2H V HJ H W (rare) HK E X 2H 2EL 2E 2H Y E 2HM H Z 2E E HH=head, first letter, 2H = second letter, E=last letter,2E= next to last letterCommon short words:IN ET AD SI PER UBI SED UNA VIA HIC PRO CUM QUI QUO QUODIPSE ATQUE QUARE QUIDEMPattern words:NON BENE FERE QUISQUE
Vowel percentage: 44%Vowel / consonant ratio: 8/10Average word length: 7
One-letter words: A E I OTwo-letter words:AB AC AD AB AT DA DE DO EA EI EN EO ES ET EX HI ID II IN IS ITME NE NI OB OS RE SI TE TU UTThree letter words:AGO ARA AUT AVE BIS COR CUM CUR DIU DUO DUX EGI EGO FIO HIC HOCHUC IAM IBI IRA ITA IUS LEX LUX MOX MUS NAM NEC NIX NON NOX NUMPAR PAX PER PES PRO QUA QUI QUO RES REX RUS SED SEX SIC SOL STOSUM SUS TAM TUM UBI VAE VEL VIA VIR VIS VIX Latin Bigram TableBasis 10,000 letters and spaces from Reference [ALBE] Second Letter A E I O U B C D F G H K - 156 145 146 36 60 11 99 65 39 7 35 4 A 113 77 8 20 42 15 58 6 E 197 27 7 7 1 5 26 18 4 11 1 I 89 43 12 6 59 68 51 60 34 12 26 4 O 61 1 3 10 37 19 1 2 U 8 73 61 50 22 2 17 2 11 B 15 12 26 33 3 22 C 29 49 28 31 68 3 4 3F D 53 16 61 87 9 17 3 1i F 3 7 9 23 11 9 5r G 2 5 18 14 4 10 1s H 23 3 14 8 4t K 4 8 L 10 46 39 106 10 13 2 1L M 248 28 33 28 22 23 1e N 57 48 49 59 40 38 33 39 4 19t P 2 12 34 12 43 14 1t Q 4 167e R 87 96 76 101 30 56 4 6 7 1 2 1r S 276 14 64 83 30 47 34 1 2 T 191 96 125 142 20 91 6 V 3 7 42 24 27 1 X 28 1 2 7 2 Y 5 Z 1
L M N P Q R S T V X Y Z 53 36 79 113 92 36 151 46 68 3 1 A 63 89 62 12 4 59 45 81 4 2 E 18 78 85 11 21 175 84 93 3 35 I 25 49 143 24 9 10 137 113 3 4 O 13 27 134 6 4 65 46 13 5 2 U 37 119 63 9 60 105 70 1 B 1 4 5 C 2 24 40 5 D 2 1 1 1 2 2 F 1 12 G 1 13 8 H K L 33 12 M 7 10 13 5 2 N 4 3 56 136 10 P 17 3 42 15 11 Q R 1 6 1 3 2 2 9 26 3 1 S 7 5 11 39 72 3 7 T 19 23 35 V X 6 1 Y ZNORWEGIAN
16 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 - 0E RNS T AI LDO GKM UVFHPA' JB0 Y AE C WXZQ
Average word length - 4.77 letters. Compound words are long.One- Letter Words:I 81% A' 16% A 2% O A AE 0 1%Two letter words:OG 23% ER 14% EN 10% AV /DE 9% ET PA' AT FA' SA'DA NA' OM VI JO SA JA MA' SE TO UT VEThree letter words:OPP 38% ENN 23% INN 15% OSS 15% ALL 8%Four letter words: OSGA' 15% BARE 12% ALLE 9% FOLK 9% HVEM SINESTOR GATE GODT HVIS IDAG LAND MENS MIDTDoubles:LL KK NN TT MM SS PP GG RR DD FFDigraphs:EN ER DE ET TE ST NE OR RE KE AN ME SE SKReversals:EN ER DE ET ES EL LI AV GEInitials:S FM D HAENT BKV GI JLP RU A0Finals:E RT N G S KM A A'DLV IO BPYAE FHU0
Phoenix's soon to be published ACA Xenocrypt Handbookgives further data on digraphs and trigraphs representing lessthan 2% of totals.HUNGARIAN
1. It agglutinates - adjectives, possessives are expressed by suffixes.2. It has vowel harmony - they fall into high and low vowel categories. High - E, I, OE, UE and Low- A O U. In a word they are all either high or low.3. It assimilates consonants - usually the third or fourth letter from the end. Many doubles.4. It has no gender differentiation.
Per cent letter frequencies based on 10,001 letters:E - 16.04 K - 4.47 D - 1.93A - 12.55 I - 4.29 B - 1.78T - 8.35 M - 4.11 H - 1.42O - 6.56 R - 3.48 J - 0.99S - 6.56 G - 3.16 F - 0.94L - 5.66 U - 2.33 C - 0.52N - 5.49 Y - 2.03 P - 0.52Z - 4.79 V - 1.94Doubles (in 10,001 letter count):TT 104 BB 25 RR 10SS 42 KK 24 II 9LL 35 NN 22 GG 7AA 31 ZZ 11EE 27 MM 11Most frequent bigrams:OE 229 AL 126 SA 94EL 225 AS 123 KA 91TA 219 LE 118 ZA 90SZ 207 NE 110 LA 89ES 201 UE 110 ZO 88EN 185 EM 110 AK 87EG 155 GY 108 KE 87ET 151 AZ 101 AM 86TE 149 EK 97 KO 86AN 145 LA 96 EZ 80AT 136 AR 95 MA 79ER 133 SE 95 RE 79ME 127 TO 95Initials:V E M K S A H T F N L B I O J C U P R G DFinals:T N K E A S I M L G Y Z R D O B U P CGroups: Vowels A E I O U 41.77 % LNRST 29.54 JKQYZ 9.93 EATOS 50.06 EATOSLNZK 70.47 HJFCP 4.39Simple words based on a count of 1,000 words:ES - and (before vowels) 96AZ - that 20EGY - one 14S - and 11MEG - 6EL - away 5TE - thou 5HA - if 4ITT - here 3A - one 68EZ - this 17NEM - no 6 Hungarian Bigram TableBasis 10,000 letters and spaces from Reference [HUNG] Second Letter A B C D E F G H I J K A 31 41 4 22 15 22 56 55 33 28 87 B 57 25 52 1 3 1 C 6 3 5 D 28 1 1 3 48 3 3 15 1 E 28 26 3 47 27 21 155 19 19 21 97 F 7 21 3 25 G 40 9 46 4 7 11 13 3 6F H 67 21 15i I 34 7 6 16 9 1 26 2 9 5 59r J 35 1 6 16 3 1s K 91 6 3 1 87 6 4 2 38 1 24t L 96 5 3 7 118 7 6 4 15 10 18 M 79 18 5 1 127 5 9 58 5 3L N 59 7 8 40 110 7 9 2 18 1 38e O 3 11 1 13 229 1 25 2 1 51t P 7 16 3 3 3t R 50 1 13 10 79 5 6 1 19 1 10e S 94 3 1 5 95 5 1 8 18 5 22r T 219 10 3 3 149 1 6 14 59 5 19 U 4 1 12 110 1 9 2 4 4 1 V 89 5 61 13 Y 41 1 1 1 43 1 5 18 2 Z 90 6 122 1 6 2 28 3 3
L M N O P R S T U V Y Z A 126 86 145 1 18 95 123 136 3 27 101 B 5 3 3 14 5 5 1 3 C 3 1 34 D 1 9 1 41 3 1 15 13 6 E 225 110 185 1 18 133 201 151 37 80 F 18 19 1 G 4 7 1 15 7 6 6 7 12 108 4 H 1 37 1 I 18 7 56 1 7 9 71 35 10 28 13 J 1 22 3 7 1 3 K 4 21 6 86 9 9 14 28 4 L 35 31 15 57 4 6 7 73 6 13 24 6 M 6 11 7 35 2 17 9 14 8 2 N 6 11 22 22 3 19 72 11 12 57 15 O 65 33 62 1 1 41 37 49 4 26 P 1 11 1 2 2 2 1 R 9 11 4 42 10 18 41 16 S 4 18 13 29 4 42 43 15 14 10 207 T 22 42 6 95 1 4 20 104 37 12 4 U 19 3 12 2 9 7 24 3 6 V 21 2 3 Y 6 15 3 14 2 2 16 6 23 3 Z 11 2 6 88 3 18 49 21 9 11LECTURE 5 HOMEWORK ANSWERS
QV FHOHIC ICMPC KQM IXWWM QW KML WFMPM KMI*IQLQHI, KMI *PHWKICMLWI, KFPML KQM "*PHWKIC-FOMI," KQM AMKML VMWIJP WXJP CQMLM VXMOMW.Kw= LICHT
Im August steht die Sonne in der Naehe des Sirius, desHundsterns daher die "Hundstages," die weder Mensch nochTiere moegen. PT: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y zCT: F G J K M N O P Q R S U V W X Y Z L I C H T A B D E
After placing the crib at the 5th word, der, dess, and diewere immediately identified.Kw's = question /unfairStudent besteht Pruefung zum zweiten mal nicht wieso fragt derFreund Schicksalsschlag das selbe zimmer der selbe Professordie selben fragen.PT: z q u e s t i o n a b c d f g h j k l m p r v w x yCT: U N F A I R B C D E G H J K L M O P Q S T V W X Y ZIRFJA DRGAI RAMRT VFAKF DLUFS UXABR ADSEQDBHMR XBAIC KVELR JAVKV AFDJI HMBHP IEQIIHMQEL JEIIA QGAUB SSAVJ AVIAQ GATVC KAIICVJBAI AQGAD KVELA D. hints: (zum zw-; zimm-)
The three part crib can only be located in one position. Afirst guess of ZIMMER gives der, die, and zweit. A guess ofFREUND yields much of the in the rest of the text.Schicksalsschlag can be found in the dictionary.Fre-1.MON NOM square looks like this: F G H I J K A N E Z P I L B S O T H U M C B A R C D F D G J K Q V W E X Y - - - -
Split the cipher text after message group 13. Message reads:Que Noel vous soit des plus agreables et l'an nouve aplein dedesirs accomplis.HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Lat-1 K2. (105) (sallust) Wars and Victors? SCARLETF C D R J R B B Q C O Q C N T Z U N B R,U R P R M Q C Z R H R M M Q C R G R O N D R M R.N D U N K R M R U Q N S N O, R P N Z C N H D Z S FB N U R M R , G R K F D N , U Q C S N U P F M R OS R B N D P. * O Z B B Q O P [cum, bdghj=JGHIE]Nor-1. K2 Cosmology. (*qwx, verden) NIL VIRONUSI K P N H E R A M C K D A O A G P K M K N N K M KM E K O K M Z L A G G K Q P H E V K M M K G K O KG P D A O V F I I K G H K R F D O I F V F G N C FJ P K R K M I K G N F E K G G K N C K P F D Y K MP K A G N P K A G.
REFERENCES / RESOURCES
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Joe Peschel