In Lecture 10, we return to our course schedule with a study offascinating cipher systems based on multiple alphabets-Polyalphabetic Substitution systems. What is amazing aboutthese systems is how long they remained secure. The Viggysystems (my name for Vigenere) was considered unbreakable forover 200 years. Along comes Major Kasiski, and poof, we haverecreational cryptography.
I think the best way to introduce the subject is via anoverview based on the Op-20-GYT course notes (Office of ChiefOf Naval Operations, Washington) [OP20]. From there, I willbring in MASTERTON's dissolution of QUAGMIRES I-IV. [MAST]
In Lecture 11, we will revisit polyalphabetic cipher systemsand the polygraphic cases using Friedman's detailed analysis.We will cover the PORTA system and other family members. Iwill cover decimation processes in detail. [FRE4], [FRE5],FRE6], [FRE7], [FRE8]
In Lecture 12, we will describe the aperiodic polyalphabeticcase and give a diagram of topics considered in Lectures 10 -12. [FR3]
I have updated our Resources Section with many references onthese systems - focusing on the cryptanalytic attack and thoseof historical interest. Kahn has some interesting stories aboutthe Viggy family. [KAHN]
A cipher system which employs two or more cipher alphabets andincludes a method for designating which cipher alphabet is tobe used for the encipherment of each plain-text letter, iscalled a polyalphabetic substitution system. Cipher systemsemploying variant values may appear to use more than onealphabet, but they have characteristics of mono-alphabeticsubstitution and are properly classified as such.
Polyalphabetic substitution systems consists of two generaltypes; periodic and non-periodic.
(a) In the periodic type the text of a message is dividedinto definite, regular groups or cycles of letters which areenciphered with identical portions of the key. Periodicsystems are further subdivided as follows:
(2) Progressive Alphabet Ciphers in which a primary cipher alphabet and its 25 secondary alphabets are used either in regular succession, sliding the components one letter at a time, or in irregular order according to a prearranged shift.
(b) In the non-periodic type there are no cyclic repetitions of the key.
Example:
Plain A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZCipher 1 R T U V W X Y Z P E N C I L S A B D F G H J K M O Q " 2 E N C I L S A B D F G H J K M O Q R T U V W X Y Z P " 3 D F G H J K M O Q R T U V W X Y Z P E N C I L S A BHere the plain component is a normal sequence, and the ciphercomponent are identical keyword sequences. The same keywordsequences may be used in both the plain cipher components, ordifferent sequences may be used. The key which determines thesetting of the cipher alphabets against the plain component(RED) may be any prearranged word or phrase. Also, each cipheralphabet may be assigned a number and the alphabets used inaccordance with a prearranged numerical key.
The process of enciphering a message with the multiple alphabetsystem above would appear as follows:
Cipher Alphabet No. 1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3Plain - M Y C O U R S E Z E R O T H R E E Z E R O A T TCipher - I Z G S V P F L B W R X G B P W L B W R X R U N 1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3Plain - H I R T E E N T H I R T Y T H R E ECipher - Z D P G L J L U O P R N O U O D L JIn order to reduce the chances of encipherment by the wrongalphabet, the plain text is often written so that the lettersdesignated by the key for encipherment by each alphabet areplaced in the same vertical column.
Note the repetitions in the plain text which begin at the samepoint in the key produce repetitions in the cipher text, whileothers [may not] do not. Friedman discusses accidentalrepetitions in [FR7].
Major Friedrich W. Kasiski (1805-1881) was a career officer inEast Prussia's 33 Infantry Regiment. He is credited with arevolutionary insight regarding polyalphabetic repeating keysystems - that the conjuction of a repeated portion of the keywith the repetition in the plaintext produces a repetition inthe ciphertext. Like causes produce like effects. Theinterval between plaintext or ciphertext repetitions is notedthroughout the cryptogram, factored and the commonality of thefactor is a good indication of the key and number of alphabetsused to encipher the original methods. The fall of theVigenere family is attributed to Kasiski's examination. [KASI][KAS1], [KAHN]
If there are several long repetitions in the cipher text of anunknown system, the intervals between the initial letters ofthese repetition have a common factor, this factor representsthe number of alphabets used to encipher the message and theexact number of repetitions of the key.
A simple example: Given the cryptogram: IZGSV PFLBW RXGBP WLBWR XRUNZ DPGLJ LUOPR NOUOD LJFactoring: Repetition Interval Factors Common Factor(s) LBWRX 9 3,3 3 LJ 12 2,2,3 3 UO 6 2,3 3The "period" or common factor is three and this is the numberof alphabets employed.
Digraph and trigraph repetitions may be the result of chanceinstead of plain text repetitions. [FR7] discusses in detail.
When factoring results in more than one common factor we shalluse the highest common factor and check with frequencies of theexpected alphabets to see how close to normal they are. Onlyshort messages fail to lead to the correct determination of thenumber of cipher alphabets employed in the system. Whenfactoring fails on a longer message, an aperiodic cipher mayhave been employed.
Phamplet Number 7, Office of Operations Cryptanalysis, Officeof the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, 1930 [OP20]prepared this problem for discussion.
From: A B (Black Force Commander)To: CD, EF, GH, IJ (Black Ships)Time Groups: 0013-2300 April 1930Remarks: Cruiser transmitter.Cryptogram written out in worksheet format:Alpha. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alpha. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 K P T X S L I C T M 16 M V H A W A D G G Z2 I A M C B B N M S Z 17 Y F A R Q V K M M Q3 M J K A Q J B F Z A 18 K F M P S L G X A H4 J G M B S L N P H H 19 E F W K G C B F T H5 E E J Z W N C L O W 20 S V C B B U A H S S6 Z F S A A S Z D E P 21 K P K D E C G O H Z7 Z X C D J D D H A J 22 L V O D S C O C H A8 O D B K A H P L G H 23 G V W B Z C A M O Z9 A J M K T V A M K H 24 M J K A Q J B F J H10 M B C A A C N W S Z 25 X B H A A V A K O S11 Z D W I J K G M C X 26 K P K G U L T J O Q12 M V X X U N B W Z T 27 D F Q Q J K K M H Z13 I Y N C P O G H H W 28 H V H A E P Z W Q R14 L G T B W P L V T T 29 O P L A U L B M O Z15 O B O X J L R M H Z 30 M J K A Q J B FCollateral Information:
The Black and Blue Fleets are engaged in war maneuvers in theCaribbean Sea. The Fleets are not in contact. The location ofthe enemy (the Black Fleet) is unknown. The message inquestion was intercepted by the Blue Flagship at 0015 on 14April 1930. The operator had reason to believe that a cruisersent the message.
The composition of the Black Fleet is as follows:
Battleships CruisersWest Virginia (flag) Trenton (flag)Maryland MarbleheadTennessee RichmondNew Mexico MemphisMississippiCaliforniaDestroyers Air ForceLitchfield (flag) Saratoga (flag)Preble LangleyPruitt GannetNoaDecatur Submarine ForceSicardHulbert Argonne (flag and tender) V-1, V-2, V-3William B. PrestonFactoring:Repetition Interval FactorsZMJKAQJBF 210 2,3,5,7,10ZMJKAQJBF 270 2,3,3,5,10ZMJKAQJBF 60 2,2,3,5,10MHZMVHA 120 2,2,2,3,5,10ZMV 40 2,2,2,5,10ZMV 160 2,2,2,2,2,5,10KPK 50 2,5,5,10The highest common factor is 10; the period and number ofalphabets used is 10, so the sequence repeats itself aftereach 10 letters.
"Lining-up" is one of the basic operations of solution.We group the message in lines of ten letters. The letters ineach column are enciphered by the same alphabet. Checking thefrequency tables, each alphabet resembles a single alphabet.
Frequency Tables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
When ample collateral information is available, the known-wordattack is the easiest and potentially the quickest method ofsolution. From the given data, the message is presumably fromthe Commander of a cruiser division to his four cruisers,giving orders for scouting operations of the cruiser division.
The words most likely to appear are:
Scouting Scouting line Trenton LatitudeCourse Scouting course Marblehead LongitudeSpeed Scouting speed Richmond HundredDistance Scouting distance Memphis NumbersPosition Commence scouting Enemy Times/DatesOur concern is not with guessing words but standardizing thesolution.
The Known-Word" method applied in two ways:
The long repetitions are words or phrases, important to thesubject of the message, and may be known-words. They areexcellent points of attack. The beginning of the message orthe end of the message are usually good points of attack.
The second longest repetition is the right length for Trenton,Memphis, or Hundred; furthermore it links in the letters of thelongest repetition.
Original Assumptions -MHZ MVHA lines 15-27 TRENTON is best assumption.TRE NTONMEM PHISHUN DREDCheckMOZ MJKAQJBF lines 24, 30 MOZ MJKAQJBF could beT E N N Excellent TEE NHUNDRED excellentM M P S Poor THE E--N --- poorH N D D PoorCheckMCZ MVX lines 1-12TWE NTY excellentM M PH poorH V DP poorCheck the values of TEEN HUNDRED and TRENTONLine 2-3 12345678910 12345678910 IAMCBBNMSZ MJKAQJBFZA T E NHUNDRED suggests ATTE NHUNDREDLine 23-24 GVWBZCAMOZ MJKAQJBFDI T TEE NHUNDRED suggests THIR FOUR FIF SIX ATSEVEN EIGHLines 29-30 OPLAULBMOZ MJKAQJBF-- N ETEE NHUNDREDsuggests NINETEE NHUNDREDIt is possible that all the above assumptions are incorrect butthey are too good to ignore. We enter the above values intothe cryptogram to see if skeletons of words appear.
Possibilities are indicated below:Lines 19-20 12345678910 12345678910 EFWKGCBFTH SVCBBUAHSS ED T T SPEEDFI FTEENKNOTS SI XLine 19 ED could be Speed.. building on that we have otherpossibilities.Lines 21-22 KPKDECGOHZ LVODSCOCHA U RE T R COURSETHRE ETHREEZEROLines 11-12 ZEWIJKGMCZ MVXXUNBWZT T E NT E TWE NTYMILES T THREE FIVETRENTON is the most obvious break. Check letter-combinationsof frequencies to see which of the three chosen words fittedbest.
HZ =1 ZMV=1 ZM =4 HA=1RE ENT EN ON Trenton is only assumptionEM MPH MP ISUN NDR ND EDFrequency 869 7639Cipher MHZ MVHAFrequency XXX XXXX X = high frequencyPlain TRE NTON - = intermediate frequencyFrequency -X- --XXPlain MEM PHIS O + low frequencyFrequency --X -XX-Plain HUN DRED
One method of fixing the location of an obvious word is byfrequencies, provided the obvious word has one or more lettersof very low frequency. The word should be 10 or more lettersto be practical.
Location of words by symmetry is commonly employed when dealingwith single key ciphers. With double key ciphers itsapplication depends much on chance. If the alphabets arerepeated in the key or the key is short, we employ a limitedform of symmetry.
With a non repeating key or very long key, this method fails.With a fairly short key we employ this method provided:
Table one partially shows the ciphertext where repeated lettersare ten spaces apart. Of the twelve possibilities for the word"SCOUTINGDISTANCE" some are eliminated by frequencies of theletters C,G,C, others by letter combinations and the balance bytest. All fail.
Our Navy students would try the scouting line of cruisers as:
4 3 1 2MEMPHIS RICHMOND TRENTON MARBLEHEAD 2 1 OR 3 4MARBLEHEAD TRENTON RICHMOND MEMPHIS (flag)These names might appear as follows: MEMPHISRIC MARBLEHEAD HMONDTRENT OR TRENTONRIC ONMARBLEHE HMONDMEMPH AD ISThese can be checked against Table I and cross checked byfrequency or digram analysis.
We have a little luck at Line 14 - 15 - 16
Line 14 LGTBWPLVTT --MEMPHISR Line 15 OBOXJLRMHZ ICHMONDTRE Line 16 MVHAWADGGZ NTONMARBLE check Line 29 OPLAULDMOZ Line 11 MOZ I N N T E I E NINETEE TWE Line 30 MJKAQJBF Line 12 MVX NHUNDRED NT NTY
Table I gives a list of obvious locations. We suspectthe word COURSE followed by a ZERO and ONE TWO or THREE.
Some possibilities are:
COURSEZERO COURSETHREFOUR EZEROCOURSEONET COURSETHREWO EONECOURSEZERO (promising but no check)FOURCOURSETHREETHREE (checks with #9 in Table I)AssumptionLine 21 KPKDECGOHZ Line 26 S KPKGULT COU S COUTINGLine 22 LVODSCOCHA ETHREEZEROBoth assumptions are entered into the cryptogram. TABLE ILines Reference6-7 ZFSAASZDEPZXCDJD 18-9 KAHPLGHAJMKTVAMK 28-9 HAJMKTVAMKHMBCAA 310-11 ZZDWIJKGMCZMVXXU 415-16 ZMVHAWADGGZYFARQ 517-18 FARQVKMMQKFMPSLG 618-19 FPMSLGXAHEFWKGCB 718-19 HEFWKGCBFTHSVCBB 821-22 DECGOHZLVODSCOCH 921-22 CGOHZLVODSCOCHAG 1021-22 HZLVODSCOCHAGVWB 1122-23 VCDSCOCHAGVWBZCA 1222-23 COCHAGVWBZCAMOZM 1324-25 AQJBFJHXBHAAVAKO 1425-26 OSKPKGULTJOQDFQQ 1528-29 AEPZWQROPLAULBMO 1629-30 AVLBMOZMJKAQJBF 17 TABLE II12345678910 12345678910 12345678910 12345678910COURSEZERO COURSETHRE COURSEONE COURSETWOZERO EZERO ERO Z ERO ZONE ONE NE O NE OTWO TWO WO T WO TTHREE THREE HREE T HREE TFOUR FOUR OUR F OUR FFIVE FIVE IVE F IVE FSIX SIX IX S IX SSEVEN SEVEN EVEN S EVEN SEIGHT EIGHT IGHT E IGHT ENINE NINE INE N INE NCOURSEZERO COURSETHRE COURSEONET COURSETWOTFOUR EZER WO WO EONE ETHREEDISCOVERY OF THE SYSTEMWe study the values assumed previously:Value Alphabets Value AlphabetSC=E 3,6,8 H=O, O=H 3,6,8O=H 3,8 N=L,L=N 3,6,8H=O 3,8 K=U, U=K 3,6,8B=E 4,7 N=A,A=N 4,7A=N 4,7 S=E,E=S 5The common values indicate that alphabets 3,6, and 8 areidentical and similarly so are 4 and 7. Five reciprocalvalues are noted without inconsistencies. Seven differentalphabets are used. The alphabets are probably reciprocal.If the seven alphabets are Secondary (derived from the samecipher component set against the same plaintext but indifferent alignments) a short cut solution is possible. We cannext combine the alphabets into one system.We have enough clear text to solve the cryptogram - I leave thebalance to the student.Alpha. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alpha. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101 K P T X S L I C T M 16 M V H A W A D G G Z C O M E N E N T O N R E2 I A M C B B N M S Z 17 Y F A R Q V K M M Q T N A T T E D S T3 M J K A Q J B F Z A 18 K F M P S L G X A H N H U N D R E D O C T E N T Y I4 J G M B S L N P H H 19 E F W K G C B F T H T E E N A R I S S P E E D I5 E E J Z W N C L O W 20 S V C B B U A H S S R L N E T E E N K N O T S6 Z F S A A S Z D E P 21 K P K D E C G O H Z N C O U R S E T H R E7 Z X C D J D D H A J 22 L V O D S C O C H A E R R O E T H R E E Z E R O8 O D B K A H P L G H 23 G V W B Z C A M O Z S O N I A T S E V E N T E E9 A J M K T V A M K H 24 M J K A Q J B F J H H T S N T I N H U N D R E D I10 M B C A A C N W S Z 25 X B H A A V A K O S N E N E A S T E O N N U E S11 Z D W I J K G M C X 26 K P K G U L T J O Q S U T T W E C O U T I N R E12 M V X X U N B W Z T 27 D F Q Q J K K M H Z N T Y M I L E S U S T R E13 I Y N C P O G H H W 28 H V H A E P Z W Q R I H T O R N T O N S S14 L G T B W P L V T T 29 O P L A U L B M O Z E E O N N I N E T E E15 O B O X J L R M H Z 30 M J K A Q J B F H M N T R E N H U N D R E D TABLE III DECIPHERING TABLEPLAIN- A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z1 G K L M2 J P V3 C O H J W K X4 B X A D K5 Q S U B G E Z6 C U N L7 N B A G O8 F C O H W M9 O H S C10 Z H A S TABLE IV ENCIPHERING TABLEPLAIN- A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z1 G K L M2 J P V3-6-8 F C O U N L H J W M K X4-7 N B X A D K G O5 Q S U B G E Z9 O H S C10 Z H A SOp-20-G gives us the quick and dirty of the problem. We needto understand what equivalent cipher alphabets are and how themultiple alphabet system lends itself to reconstruction.
Any sequence containing 26 letters may be rearranged so thatall the letters which are originally separated by equalintervals will also be spaced at equal intervals in the newrelated sequences. Including the original sequence, a total ofof six related sequences may be constructed. [Friedman expandson this principle in FR7.]
Example: 1 3 5 7 9 111 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z2 A D G J M P S V Y B E H K N Q T W Z C F I L O R U X3 A F K P U Z E J O T Y D I N S X C H M R W B G L Q V4 A H O V C J Q X E L S Z G N U B I P W D K R Y F M T5 A J S B K T C L U D M V E N W F O X G P Y H Q Z I R6 A L W H S D O Z K V G R C N Y J U F Q B M X I T E PIn this example, a normal alphabet sequence has been re-spacedto form five related sequences. In constructing them, theoriginal sequence is regarded as a circle and the letters arecounted off in equal intervals, then written in adjacentpositions to form a related sequence.
Only the odd intervals from 3 - 11 can be used in re-spacing a26 letter sequence to form different related sequences.{primes} Even intervals will produce only 13 letter sequences,and the interval 13 can not be used. Odd intervals from 15-25will produce identical sequences with those from 1-11 but inreversed direction. (like the Porta)
Cipher alphabets may be re-spaced to form equivalent cipheralphabets by the same process as that applied to constructrelated sequences.
Example: Original Cipher AlphabetPlain - D I P L O M A C Y B E F G H J K N Q R S T U V W X ZCipher - V W X Z T H U R S D A Y B C E F G I J K L M N O P Q Equivalent Cipher AlphabetPlain - D L A B G K R U X I O C E H N S V Z P M Y F J Q T WCipher - V Z U D B F J M P W T R A C G K N Q X H S Y E I L OAn equivalent cipher alphabet can not be distinguished from theoriginal cipher alphabet unless a systematic construction orsome outside information is available to identify the originalone. The secondary alphabets generated by shifting the pointsof coincidence of the plain and cipher components are the samealphabets regardless of which equivalent cipher alphabet hasbeen shifted.
Example: Original Cipher AlphabetPlain - D I P L O M A C Y B E F G H J K N Q R S T U V W X ZCipher - X Z T H U R S D A Y B C E F G I J K L M N O P Q V W Equivalent Cipher AlphabetPlain - D L A B G K R U X I O C E H N S V Z P M Y F J Q T WCipher - X H S Y E I L O V Z U D B F J M P W T R A C G K N QThe secondary alphabet of this example has been derived byshifting the cipher component of the original alphabet of theprevious paragraph, and the equivalent secondary cipheralphabet by shifting the cipher component of the equivalentalphabet of the previous paragraph.
The number of spaces each cipher component has been shifted isnot the same in each case, yet the plain and cipher valuescorrespond exactly. This illustrates the most importantprinciple of symmetry in the secondary alphabets.
When the same sequence has been used for each of the ciphercomponents of a multiple alphabet system, there are definiterelationships between the individual cipher values which may beused in recovering other cipher values after a few have beenidentified through analysis.
Plain 0 - D I P L O M A C Y B E F G H J K N Q R S T U V W X ZCipher 1 - O P Q V W X Z T H U R S D A Y B C D F G I J K L M N 2 - N O P Q V W X Z T H U R S D A Y B C E F G I J K L M 3 - E F G I J K L M N O P Q V W X Z T H U R S D A Y B CThe interval between letters of two cipher components, letterswhich occur in the same vertical column, is equal to the amountof displacement of one component from the other.
O (1) To N(2) is an interval of one, the amount of shiftbetween the cipher components (1) and (2).
E (3) to O (1) is the same interval as O (3) to U (1), and isthe same interval as U (3) to F (1), etc.
Thus a chain of letters, EOUF with current relative spacingscould be made from the vertical relationship alone, when theorder of plain component sequence is unknown. A set ofequivalent alphabets might be the result of construction bythis means, but the original in this case would be recognizedwhen the proper spacing is found.
If the vertical relationship is used between components whichare displaced an even number of letters, such as ciphers (2)and (3), a chain of 13 letters will result, and if thecomponents were originally displaced 13 letters, they wouldshow only reciprocal relationships.
Suppose the Enciphering table obtained during the solution of acryptogram appeared as follows:
Plain 0 - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZCipher 1 - Z U T R D A P V C W G I H 2 - X H Z N U D O W B V E F G T 3 - L E P W F I K T J U R SSince the interval between R and P in the cipher sequence isthe same as that between P and F, we may arbitrarily assumethis interval to be one and build up a cipher sequenceaccordingly.
The vertical columns remain unchanged. We write:
0 E I R in the third cipher S E I1 R P F component appears under G R P F U O2 U O S plain, so we continue G R P F U O3 R P F G R P F U OThe progress of adding values to the plain and cipher sequencesprogresses through the various stages:
0 T S E I R B Y1 I S G R P F U O E H T2 I S G R P F U O E H T3 I S G R P F U O E H T0 O L T S E I R B Y N C1 W J V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z2 W J V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z3 W J V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z0 M H O G L T S E I R B Y N C A1 L X K A W J D V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z2 K A W J D V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z L X3 X K A W J D V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z LThe intervals between E, F, G and between V, W, X in the ciphersequence obtained above, indicate the equivalent alphabets havebeen recovered which should be re-spaced by counting off everythird letter in the reverse direction.
0 I L O M A C Y B E G H N R S T1 O P V W X Z T H U R S D A B C E F G I J K L2 O P V W X Z T H U R S D A B C E F G I J K L3 E F G I J K L O P V W X Z T H U R S D A B C
A few more values are necessary in Table IV in order tocompletely reconstruct the system used.
Line 1 Line 18Alpha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alpha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Cipher K P T X S L I C Cipher K F M P S L G X A HPlain C O M E N E Plain C T E N T Y INew M C New WLine 3 to 5Alpha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1Cipher M J K A Q J B F Z A J G M B S L N P H H EPlain N H U N D R E D O T E E N A R INew F U R P LAdding these new values to Table IV gives the following tablefor use in reconstruction of the system:
TABLE IV Revised ENCIPHERING TABLEPLAIN- A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z1 G K L E M J2 J P V3-6-8 F C O U N T L H P J W M K X4-7 N I B X A D K G P O5 Q S U B G E Z9 O Z H S C10 Z H A SThe reciprocal relationship will be ignored.
On account of L and B being found in two vertical columns, agood starting point is to assume that L and B are adjacent inthe cipher component. Then we would have the following in thecipher component: GN, KI, MA, FQ, CS, PQ, AND WE.
Using the PGN sequence in the first three cipher components,partial reconstruction can be made:
PLAIN- W T A O R P L1 P G N W E2 V P G N3-6-8 M A H J P G N4-7 P G N D5 P G N9 C S H J10 M ASince HJ appears with the same interval as LB, then OC and SMare also adjacent in the cipher sequence being constructed.
PLAIN- H E W T A S O R Z N P L U1 L B P G N O C S M A W E H J2 H J V L B P G N3-6-8 O C S M A W E H J V L B P G N K4-7 L B P G N K I D O C S M A5 O C S M A W E H J V L B P G N9 O G S M A W E H J V10 O C S M AWe combine the three partials:
PLAIN- H E W T A S O R Z N P L U1 L B P G N O C S M A W E H J2 H J V L B P G N3-6-8 O C S M A W E H J V L B P G N K I D4-7 L B P G N K I D O C S M A5 O C S M A W E H J V L B P G N9 O G S M A W E H J V10 Z O C S M AI think you can see that most of the cipher sequence could beobtained without considering the fact that the plain componentis the same sequence reversed. The important point is that thecomplete system may be reconstructed from relatively few valuesobtained through analysis of the cryptogram.
The sequence used in this problem is randomly mixed, thereforethe original one can not be distinguished from a related onewhich may be reconstructed. The ten cipher components are setwith the key GUANTANAMO under the A plain.
The same method used in determining which cipher valuesprobably represent vowels or consonants may be applied to polyalphabetic substitution ciphers as described in Lectures 1 and2. However, the values in each alphabet must be consideredwith their respective prefixes and suffixes in adjacentalphabets, in studying the frequencies of their combinations.
After the original sequences of a poly-alphabetic substitutionsystem are recovered, subsequent messages using these sequencesmay be solved by a modified method. The "generatrix frequency"method was developed by W. F. Friedman and is described in FR7.
MASTERTON (Frank W. Lewis) was a personal 'pick' of William F.Friedman. His experience and book [MAST] is as insightful asit is brilliant. He takes us through the QUAGMIRE family. TheAmerican Cryptogram Association calls the class of periodicpolyalphabetic substitution QUAGMIRES I, II, III, IV after theterminology used for keying Aristocrats. QUAGMIRES have amixed alphabet in at least one of the components. QUAGMIRE Iuses a keyword-mixed plain component with a determined numberof normal cipher alphabets at different settings; QUAGMIRE IIuses a normal plain and various settings of the same mixedcipher component; QUAGMIRE III employs the same mixed alphabetfor plain and cipher (juxtaposition repeated on a cycle); andQUAGMIRE IV which has one mixed alphabet for plain and a seriesof slides of another mixed alphabet for the cipher components.[MAST] The use of normal alphabets on a cycle, either director reverse, is a weakness because the components are known andare more vulnerable to solution.
We will take the QUAGMIRES in turn, making sure we understandthe method of encipherment and tricks of unraveling the text.
Lets build an alphabet on the Keyword ENCIPHERMENT:
Plain 0 E N C I P H R M T A B D F G J K L O Q S U V W X Y ZCipher 1 C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B 2 I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H 3 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4 H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G 5 E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D 6 R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P QI have numbered the alphabets for ease of use. The initialcolumn keyword is standard practice.
To encipher the word regarding: The first R is found in theplain sequence, and the letter under it in alphabet 1 is I, weuse the cipher alphabets sequentially and return to alphabet 1after using the sixth alphabet.
Given:
WBFWX LWVPY WICQJ HJYDL LNABF JCQFB BHMPA XGKIU CRHVKYNEJO VMDEJ SPQPT GLFFB YOEYD MIHYY JJCPY YDVIE TOFXXLWPSC YTBKJ ORCYZ DBYDH YHR.The Cryptogram usually provides a tip: "ILEANDTHENREPLIED. "This will appear in the text someplace.
The repeat method of factoring doesn't work to well on thisexample. So assume 6, 7 or 8. Write the crib based on thosecycles.
awh awh awh ILEAND ILEANDT ILEANDTH THENRE HENREPL ENREPLIE PLIED IED DWe have added a possible text of awh to the crib. The middlecrib has the I over an I 13 letters apart and the E's intervalof 6. The stretch of cipher we want will have a repeat as:
----X------Y-----XY---.The stretch "glffbYoeydmihYyjjcpYYdvie" fits the bill. Werewrite the cryptogram into a cycle of seven letters either incolumns or rows. We fill in the tip and number the alphabets:
1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567WBFWXLW VPYWICQ JHJYDLL NABFJCQ FBBHMPA XGKIUCR HVKYNEJ1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567OVMDEJS PQPTGLF FBYOEYD MIHYYJJ CPYYDVI ETOFXXL WPSCYTB a whILEAN DTHENRE PLIED1234567 1234567 1KJORCYZ DBYDHYH R.We prepare a deciphering tableux, putting the plain valuesabove the normal cipher strip and using the plain E to start.
Plain 0 E -----------------------------------------------------Cipher 1 2 3 4 U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T 5 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 6 7 F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D ESince the fourth alphabet also has a plain L, we enter it onthe top line, and similarly place a plain N from the fifthalphabet. The N is confirmed by its appearance in the 7thalphabet, so we know we are on the right track.
Since we have the plain L, the second alphabet comes in too andhence the plain H and T. This gives us the third alphabet andthe plain I. There is more help. Looking down the variouscolumns we find the Keyword COUNTRY which must have been placedunder the first letter of the plain sequence. Snowballs.
Plain 0 A B C D E H R T P L W I N G -----------------------------------------------------Cipher 1 J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I 2 V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U 3 B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A 4 U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T 5 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 6 Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X 7 F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D EThe clues add up. The Keywords are PLOWING and COUNTRY.
The RST sequence is obvious. The message reads: The cityslicker asked the farmer what's your mules name? The farmerthought awhile and replied I don't rightly know but I call himJACK.
This polyalphabetic substitution uses a Normal plain and akeyword mixed cipher alphabet. Lets tackle a problem with thetip of 20 letters TAPHORICORTABOONATUR and also the tip"usage." Sometimes we have hunches. Assume the period is 10,and write out the tip on this basis. Nice pattern with adigraphic hit TT, OO, RR
TAPHORICOR TABOONATURe (I have added the e possibility.)and the cipher is:12345678910 12345678910 12345678910 12345678910 12345678910GJGQHJLELW SZGGETGMQS YVAHUOLFYN NIRJHVKJDS XMZVUEPETG12345678910 12345678910 1HIAHWZOTFN HIHVWQUQDN UENAEQMFQA YXIOVUIVYG NYLUJMOCVLTAPHORICOR TABOONATUR eRXSOTVSSMT CIIFHVEFYA VJLEUVDQFX OZJHNNUHQY EOGQDYGHEGRXVVVOBVYY SRNow we develop the deciphering tableaux.Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z -----------------------------------------------------Cipher 1 U H 2 I 3 H A 4 H N 5 W 6 Q Z 7 U O 8 T Q 9 F D 10 N
We know that the plain sequence is normal. It is in the rightorder and we can base our interval analysis on the plain. Weintroduce Mr. Friedman's principle of symmetry to discover therelationships in the cipher alphabets.
We know that the cipher text reads from left to right just aswe see it. The skeleton sequence is:
H------V------A, Q---Z----T, U-------O, and F-----D,We can fill in a few letters. The Q---Z is either QVW-Z or Q-VWZ. In No 1 Q cipher is either Y or Z and Z cipher is either Cor D. [MASTERTON jumps in with a NIO combination and VW but Ididn't see this until after the solution.] Alpha 4 puts V +6from H, transposing that to alpha 1, puts a V under the Aplain, and suggests Q V W X Z sequence with Y in the Keyword.X is pretty unpopular in keywords so we will go with thisassumption.
Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z -----------------------------------------------------Cipher 1 V W X Z U ? ? A T O H Q 2 I 3 H Q V W X Z U ? ? A T O 4 H Q V W X Z U A T 5 H Q V W X Z U A T O 6 O H Q V W X Z U A T 7 U T O H Q V W X Z 8 A T O H Q V W X Z U 9 F D 10 NSo we build up alpha's 1, 3, 5, 6, 8. We can place the H'sback in them from the Q by -6. in alpha 8 and 5. We see thatU +8 = O in alpha 7. The sequence ---A starts the keyword fromalpha three. Look at the T behind the Q by -17 offset inalpha 8. Remember my assumed 'e' = U in alpha 1. We place thishunch and let it play through.
We have U - - AT ........Y. I see the prefix UN and digram SA.The word "unsatisfactory" comes to mind but I haven't gotenough hard evidence yet. We have a U +8 to O in the 7thalpha. Fill in the alphas.
Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z -----------------------------------------------------Cipher 1 V W X Z U n s A T i f c O r Y b d e g H j k l m p Q 2 I 3 H Q V W X Z U ? ? A T O 4 H Q V W X Z U A T 5 H Q V W X Z U A T O 6 O H Q V W X Z U A T 7 U T O H Q V W X Z 8 A T O H Q V W X Z U 9 F D 10 NI know that Y is in the keyword and could be the last letter ofit. Look at the F-----D sequence. F is in the keyword and theO-------H is the only area than can fit the F and the Y.
Plug in my UNSATifcOrY guess. The lower letters requirechecking. Alphabet 1 fits the key as UNSATISFACTORY adjustedfor duplicate letters.
The message reads in part: Slang is language or phrases of avigorous colorful metaphoric or taboo nature invented to ...
The QUAGMIRE III is a very important class of ciphers becausethey introduce the one of the most important tools invented byMr. Friedman, as explained in his Riverbank papers, called"Direct and Indirect Symmetry."
The title of this problem is "Inertia in the British LaborMarket" and has the tip "ANDTHREECALLINGFORAMANTOSTANDON."
IBWVU PLTPJ TKPPM YCTDV XYGNY QYNTW NFSUI XNACX CFTGVAIKPS RTCOJ JWPRR VOLAA ZRURJ NUIXM XPQBV UIBWO GPCDPLNNRD FPSLI BUGOC DOTWK CPIRQ RVQGY GCXLV MNOBE QFVOLGBWGP ATNJL YWRMW EKLAA VICVE AQBKU VFJUR DVIOZ MPTZOVSLIH QBQXF LLLWH PUSGV XP.
Note the repeat of the first three letters IBW at interval 81.If the message starts with THE and the period turns out to be 9we have found a wedge. Next place the tip in columnar line fora cycle of nine.
A N D T H R E E C A I K P S R T C O A L L I N G F O R J J W P R R V O L A M A N T O S T A A A A R U R J N U N D O N t w o f e e t ? I X M X P Q B V U t h e ------- ? I B W O G P C D P (also first three IBW)The three A's in the first column followed by the two N'sprove the period of 9. This is not accidental. My guessesof additional plain text are partially right - 'the' as youwill see later. Note the triple R's, two U's and Two I's inthe ciphertext lined up by columns in a period of 9.
Break the ciphertext into groups of nine.
123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789IBWVUPLTP JTKPPMYCT DVXYGNYQY NTWNFSUIX NACXCFTGVAIKPSRTCO JJWPRRVOL AAARURJNU IXMXPQBVU IBWOGPCDP ANDT HREECALLI NGFORAMAN TOSTANDON THELNNRDFPSL IBUGOCDOT WKCPIRQRV QGYGCXLVM NOBEQFVOLGBWGPATNJ LYWRMWEKL AAVICVEAQ BKUVFJURD VIOZMPTZOVSLIHQBQX FLLLWHPUS GVXP.Place the extended tip. In a QUAGMIRE III, or in any casewhere the cipher component is the same as the plain component,if one cipher -plain matches E for E, all pairs must match,for the sequence is set A to A, B to B, etc. When thishappens, we get a column of our write-out as "free plain text,"which is of considerable help.
I can not overemphasize the next step. Because of the K3nature of the keying, the Plain component and the Cipher 1alphabet represents pairs that are the same distance removed -H to J, N to A, T to I, in this case. Similarly G to A, H toB, O to X, and R to J are equally separated - though not at thesame interval as the first pairs obtained from line 1.(Obviously, if H to J is "x" distance, H to B cannot be thesame distance.) Check this observation of Symmetry on thedecipher tableaux.
Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z -----------------------------------------------------Cipher1 J A I 2 A B X J 3 W A M 4 P R X 5 P R U 6 R Q 7 B V J T 8 N C O V 9 L U OLet us write down all the pairs we get by going from plain tocipher in each of the alphabets in turn. We can also writedown the from the sidewise relationships. For instance, A to Con the plain sequence is the same distance P to R on Row 5. Inaddition, Row 7 to Row 8 tells us that BC is the same distanceapart as VO.
This is a most powerful tool in solution of a sequence againstitself. You can imagine a little "square" and go up, or down,or across, to find relationships within and between both plainand cipher components.
Plain sequence to Row 1 HJ NA TI 2 GA HB OX RJ 3 EW FA SM 4 EP OR TX 5 AP CRU (CR-RU) 6 AR NQ 7 DB LV MJ NT 8 AN DC LOV (LO-OV) 9 IL NU TO>From Plain A to C AC PR>From Row 7 to 8 BC VOThere are a lot of relationships. I have not listed thesidewise ones like Plain to Row 1 - H to N and J to A.
MASTERTON points out that Row 1 is the reverse of Row 8.[MAST] I didn't see this "little" jump.
But I did make sense of the three letter chains; if L-O is thesame as O-V we have a three letter segment. Do you see thatthe pairs in the listing above are separated by one letter in asequence obtained from the next set, as evidenced by LV in 7and LOV in 8? We can add the two together:
We continue our recovery with A to N plain as the samedistance as R to Q in alpha 6. We add QR to our line.
VOL TINA BCD HJKM QRNotice the H to B and G to A in the plain to alphabet 2relationship. This tells us to put G ahead of H, then A goesbehind B as we expect. Since O is in VOL and N is in TINA
VOL/TINABCD/GHIJM/QRthe only missing element is P which we place as follows:
ku VOL/?/TINABCD (f)GHJMPQR swxyzmissing elements at this stage are e, k, u, w , x , y , z whichlikely the E and U are in the Keyword.
Plain 0 V O L T I N A B C D F G H J M P Q R S -----------------------------------------------------Cipher1 V O L T I N A B C D F G H J M P Q R S w 2 X T I N A B C D F G H J M P Q 3 T I N A B C D F G H J M P 4 Q R S W? X 5 6 7 8 V O L T I N A B C F G H J M P Q R S 9The line ups are not correct. We can find where alphabets 1,2 and 3 start by putting the low frequency X in the rightspot. I leave this part of the work to you all. [ Hint:compress the V O L -----T I N A space and what keyword will fitinto - V O L u? T I (O)N. and place the E in the beginning.]
The answer is with Keywords EVOLUTION and BLUEPRINT:
Plain 0 E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y Z -----------------------------------------------------Cipher1 V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y Z E 2 S W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R 3 W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S 4 P Q R S W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M 5 C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B 6 F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D 7 Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X 8 Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y 9 X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S WThe message reads: The British created a civil service job ineighteen hundred and three calling for a man to stand on thecliffs of Dover with a spyglass...
The QUAGMIRE IV is probably the most difficult of the QUAGMIRESbecause we need to recover two keyworded alphabets and directsymmetry will not work with the plain.
We are given:
MWQYD KMCAO KHSEE YULIH WYTEW YRLHG LMEJC ZHAKE NYWUPthegr reatQSQSO ESYEP BIZEW QYPKZ FHAAM GWPTR XNYWR LKSQE XHGRAQCWAV JNCPM HDHZT BCBHR AMXUE OLTWR RIKNQ AKKDZ VJOYW bet?WHQJR FGYVP GILWV WGPTF MLYKX TAKOZ ATFGL AUT.weenl atese ptemb erand decem berof thaty ear
The Title is "Lost Horsepower", the tips are starts with THEGREAT and has WEENLATESEPTEMBERANDDECEMBEROFTHATYEAR in thetext. The letters bet?WEEN might be inferred.
Finding the cycle is our first challenge.
The WQY is +58, a discouraging number for factors. The cribsare pretty generous, so looking at them we might findsomething. Obviously, a plain hit at the correct interval ofthe cycle would result in a cipher coincidence at the sameinterval. Two occurrences of a plain letter at some intervalother than the period or multiple of the cycle, the cipherscannot be the same. MASTERTON describes a graphical techniquefor knocking out intervals. [MAST]
OYWWHQJRFGYVPGILWVWGPTFMLYKXTAKOZATFGLAUT betweenlateseptemberanddecemberofthatyear * --9-- *Thus the Y over E and H and Q over E "knock out" the intervals3, 4 which are too short anyway, and also 11 because of the Yover P. Note the +9 hit for Y over E. So we write out thecipher in a period of nine:
123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789MWQYDKMCA OKHSEEYUL IHWYTEWYR LHGLMEJCZ HAKENYWUPthegreatE E GH EE E AQSQSOESYE PBIZEWQYP KZFHAAMGW PTRXNYWRL KSQEXHGRA E ?HE E T EA R RT ER E R E EQCWAVJNCP MHDHZTBCB HRAMXUEOL TWRRIKNQA KKDZVJOYW T A TE NH E E R betWHQJRFGYV PGILWVWGP TFMLYKXTA KOZATFGLA UT.weenlates eptembera nddecembe rofthatye arEven with all the help and correct hits, the message is not agive a way.
Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z -----------------------------------------------------Cipher1 U P T K M W 2 F H W O G T 3 M Q Z I 4 L Y J A 5 Y T R W D 6 F V K 7 M O W X G 8 T Y G C 9 P A C V WSince the alphabets are different we can not chain from theplain to cipher. However, WITHIN the cipher, the same rulesapply as before - except their isn't nearly as muchinformation. In Cipher 1 row we see that U to P is the samedistance as F to K , M to W and P to A. Ok. Remember that weare dealing with unknown decimations, so the relationshipsbetween UPA, PK and PT is unknown.
By decimation I mean the process of selection of elements froma sequence according to some fixed interval. For example, thesequence A E I M is derived, by decimation , from a normalalphabet by selecting every fourth letter. It is the key toSymmetry solutions because the latent relationships in a cipheralphabet can be made patent by decimation. Lecture 11 willgive two methods of decimation in detail.
Table of Relationships in foregoing example:
UPA FK MW Plain A to E and Rows 1 to 9PT LJ " E to NPK HT YG " E to R and Rows 1 to 6 adding UFPM QI LAWG YC " E to T and Rows 9 to 7 and 4 to 9UMG PW " A to T and Rows 1 to 7TM JA " N TO TFH MQ " D to EWTD " H to R and Rows 2 to 5FV MO " A to BVK OW TY " B to EOG TC " B to TPH KT Rows 1 to 2PQ MI Rows 1 to 3PL TJ MA Rows 1 to 4PY KG MC Rows 1 to 8FM HQ KW VO Rows 2 to 0HY TG Rows 2 to 9QL IA Rows 3 to 4QW IG Rows 3 to 7QY IC Rows 3 to 8QA IW Rows 3 to 9LW AG Rows 4 to 7LY AC Rows 4 to 8 and Plain A to G adding Cipher C under Plain G on RowFP KA Rows 6 to 9 9OT WY GC Rows 7 to 8YA CW Rows 8 to 9Row 2 to 3 and 6 to 7 are combined. S and T in plain are mostlikely adjacent from VW in Cipher 9. Partials FH and MQ lookgood without an intervening letter.
LAWG is our best bet for the wedge. It ties together E and Tin the same decimation. So:
Plain E T Cipher P M H Q I L A W G K L A W G Y C L A W GIf FH and MQ are the right order, P is in the keyword, sincethe reverse bits of above (MP, IQ, GWAL) would not beconsistent with MPQ. Unfortunately, we have run out of gas andmust guess more plain. The plain E-gh-EE most likely isEighteen and since they are talking about years, why notSeventy, since so many E's are fitting? The plain T of seventyis confirmed. The plain V may not produce much but the cipherG might be a bonanza. These new values add KE and JR to thechain.
123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789MWQYDKMCA OKHSEEYUL IHWYTEWYR LHGLMEJCZ HAKENYWUPthegreatE T EIGHTEEN SEVENTY E AQSQSOESYE PBIZEWQYP KZFHAAMGW PTRXNYWRL KSQEXHGRA E THE E T EA R RT ER E R E EQCWAVJNCP MHDHZTBCB HRAMXUEOL TWRRIKNQA KKDZVJOYW T A TE NH E E R betWHQJRFGYV PGILWVWGP TFMLYKXTA KOZATFGLA UT.weenlates eptembera nddecembe rofthatye ar
Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z -----------------------------------------------------Cipher1 U P T K L M W 2 F H W O G T 3 M Q Z W I G 4 L Y J A 5 Y T R W M D 6 F V K J E 7 M O W X G 8 T Y G C 9 P A C V WWe look at VW and LM and KLM under the plain RST. We mustconclude that G-C is correct. Rows 7 and 8 have a G and Cunder plain T, and WY under E and OT under B. This suggeststhat WXY and O-T are part of the final chain. So push thefollowing chains:
KLM, G-C, VWXY, EA, O-TThe cipher sequence appears to go: JKLMQVWXYZ0 A N D E I C B F G H---------------------------------------------1 U T P R A2 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z3 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z4 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z5 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z6 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z7 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z8F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z9 P R AThe cipher keyword has this form O U T - P R - A I N Gwith S, E, D candidates. The keyword is SPREADING.The plain keyword can be derived as PANDEMIC and the ciphersetting key is HORSETAIL. The groundwork is left to thestudent. Notice how resistant the QUAGMIRE IV was even withloads of help.
QQ-1 QUAGMIRE I Travelogue. (Ends:SINGOUTOFTHESEA) RHIZOMEKKQHPQR KTYOHTA TLGAWBM XORKTAT BSOOIYI CGICEJV UCYZRJPALNSFRZ UCQDXIS TDRBFYS YTFDZBD USQWKMT CPPDOAI CAAKEHKUAYFHQA TLNIFSI SIGJHAS V.QQ-2 QUAGMIRE III Tedious. (CRYPTANALYTIC METHODS)DOPPELSCHACHPNATV SJBAQ WGMTR BZYLU ACACR GBNTQ FGGCN APNID ULMVDSCEPB AMCQF BBPVR EOBSL AFSAN HFYVV MCYTF LEMAO MFHVUKBAAU ATTEA NGOHU GTQEX ISUGU SAKCC TLIRT TLSZM PBMGVAPYRV YIIGL WGNUF JFROG SNQGN HBOTU TACUO JUVQH HUGWWWBIMT WNHVO GTLSZ MPYQZ BNCEN UWLC.QQ-3 QUAGMIRE IV Economics Lesson. EDNASANDE (BUSINESSACTIVITYDURINGAPERIOD)TDNSE PMBSV FURMQ UFYSJ PAGGY FVIKT GYVLV FBTPH IIIADHVIUY QSAFA VQVFU HPIHE BIXNN HBSTN IRMQH IIIAD OVIXTCTNOW EOJOZ BOWBU ONLFN GOBJS HBOQS VZMOU JSFQH SAHPSJBBJT AAMIE XILRA TOTVL TUAML FLNEJ PPMNT XHVQV FCYSBJODNF XJSFT UIUTM ONKDO UMMSB NWUL.
REFERENCES / RESOURCES [updated 6 April 1996]
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R., Mathematical Recreations and Essays, London, 1928.[BAR1] Barker, Wayne G., "Course No 201, Cryptanalysis of The Simple Substitution Cipher with Word Divisions," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1975.[BAR2] Barker, W., ed., History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. During the Period between World Wars, Part II, 1930 - 1939., Aegean Park Press, 1990.[BAR3] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of the Hagelin Cryptograph, Aegean Park Press, 1977.[BAR4] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of the Enciphered Code Problem - Where Additive Method of Encipherment Has Been Used," Aegean Park Press, 1979.[BAR5] Barker, W., ed., History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. Prior To World War I," Aegean Park Press, 1978.[BAR6] Barker, W., " Cryptanalysis of Shift-Register Generated Stream Cipher Systems," Aegean Park Press, 1984.[BAR7] Barker, W., ed., History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. During the Period between World Wars, Part I, 1919-1929, Aegean Park Press, 1979.[BAR8] Barker, W., ed., History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. During World War I, Aegean Park Press, 1979.[BARK] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of The Simple Substitution Cipher with Word Divisions," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1973.[BARR] Barron, John, '"KGB: The Secret Work Of Soviet Agents," Bantom Books, New York, 1981.[BAUD] Baudouin, Captain Roger, "Elements de Cryptographie," Paris, 1939.[BAZE] Bazeries, M. le Capitaine, " Cryptograph a 20 rondelles- alphabets," Compte rendu de la 20e session de l' Association Francaise pour l'Advancement des Scienses, Paris: Au secretariat de l' Association, 1892.[BEES] Beesley, P., "Very Special Intelligence", Doubleday, New York, 1977.[BENN] Bennett, William, R. 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(29)[BLUE] Bearden, Bill, "The Bluejacket's Manual, 20th ed., Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1978.[BODY] Brown, Anthony - Cave, "Bodyguard of Lies", Harper and Row, New York, 1975.[BOLI] Bolinger, D. and Sears, D., "Aspects of Language," 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,Inc., New York, 1981.[BOSW] Bosworth, Bruce, "Codes, Ciphers and Computers: An Introduction to Information Security," Hayden Books, Rochelle Park, NJ, 1990.[BOWE] Bowers, William Maxwell, "The Bifid Cipher, Practical Cryptanalysis, II, ACA, 1960.[BOWN] Bowen, Russell J., "Scholar's Guide to Intelligence Literature: Bibliography of the Russell J. 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C., "Cryptanalysis for Microcomputers", Hayden Books, Rochelle Park, NJ, 1990.[CHOI] Interview with Grand Master Sin Il Choi.,9th DAN, June 25, 1995.[CHOM] Chomsky, Norm, "Syntactic Structures," The Hague: Mouton, 1957.[CHUN] Chungkuo Ti-erh Lishih Tangankuan, ed "K'ang-Jih chengmien chanch'ang," Chiangsu Kuchi Ch'upansheh, 1987., pp993-1026.[CI] FM 34-60, Counterintelligence, Department of the Army, February 1990.[COUR] Courville, Joseph B., "Manual For Cryptanalysis Of The Columnar Double Transposition Cipher, by Courville Associates., South Gate, CA, 1986.[CLAR] Clark, Ronald W., 'The Man who broke Purple', Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1977.[COLF] Collins Gem Dictionary, "French," Collins Clear Type Press, 1979.[COLG] Collins Gem Dictionary, "German," Collins Clear Type Press, 1984.[COLI] Collins Gem Dictionary, "Italian," Collins Clear Type Press, 1954.[COLL] Collins Gem Dictionary, "Latin," Collins Clear Type Press, 1980.[COLP] Collins Gem Dictionary, "Portuguese," Collins Clear Type Press, 1981.[COLR] Collins Gem Dictionary, "Russian," Collins Clear Type Press, 1958.[COLS] Collins Gem Dictionary, "Spanish," Collins Clear Type Press, 1980.[COPP] Coppersmith, Don.,"IBM Journal of Research and Development 38, 1994.[COVT] Anonymous, "Covert Intelligence Techniques Of the Soviet Union, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1980.[CREM] Cremer, Peter E.," U-Boat Commander: A Periscope View of The Battle of The Atlantic," New York, Berkley, 1986.[CRYP] "Selected Cryptograms From PennyPress," Penny Press, Inc., Norwalk, CO., 1985.[CULL] Cullen, Charles G., "Matrices and Linear Transformations," 2nd Ed., Dover Advanced Mathematics Books, NY, 1972.[DAGA] D'agapeyeff, Alexander, "Codes and Ciphers," Oxford University Press, London, 1974.[DALT] Dalton, Leroy, "Topics for Math Clubs," National Council of Teachers and Mu Alpha Theta, 1973.[DAN] Daniel, Robert E., "Elementary Cryptanalysis: Cryptography For Fun," Cryptiquotes, Seattle, WA., 1979.[DAVI] Da Vinci, "Solving Russian Cryptograms", The Cryptogram, September-October, Vol XLII, No 5. 1976.[DEAC] Deacon, R., "The Chinese Secret Service," Taplinger, New York, 1974.[DEAU] Bacon, Sir Francis, "De Augmentis Scientiarum," tr. by Gilbert Watts, (1640) or tr. by Ellis, Spedding, and Heath (1857,1870).[DELA] Delastelle, F., Cryptographie nouvelle, Maire of Saint- Malo, P. Dubreuil, Paris, 1893.[DENN] Denning, Dorothy E. R.," Cryptography and Data Security," Reading: Addison Wesley, 1983.[DEVO] Deavours, Cipher A. and Louis Kruh, Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis, Artech, New York, 1985.[DEV1] Deavours, C. A., "Breakthrough '32: The Polish Solution of the ENIGMA," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1988.[DEV2] Deavours, C. A. and Reeds, J.,"The ENIGMA," CRYPTOLOGIA, Vol I No 4, Oct. 1977.[DEV3] Deavours, C. A.,"Analysis of the Herbern cryptograph using Isomorphs," CRYPTOLOGIA, Vol I No 2, April, 1977.[DEV4] Deavours, C. A., "Cryptographic Programs for the IBM PC," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1989.[DIFF] Diffie, Whitfield," The First Ten Years of Public Key Cryptography," Proceedings of the IEEE 76 (1988): 560- 76.[DIFE] Diffie, Whitfield and M.E. Hellman,"New Directions in Cryptography, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory IT-22, 1976.[DONI] Donitz, Karl, Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenety Days, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1959.[DOW] Dow, Don. L., "Crypto-Mania, Version 3.0", Box 1111, Nashua, NH. 03061-1111, (603) 880-6472, Cost $15 for registered version and available as shareware under CRYPTM.zip on CIS or zipnet.[EIIC] Ei'ichi Hirose, ",Finland ni okeru tsushin joho," in Showa gunji hiwa: Dodai kurabu koenshu, Vol 1, Dodai kurabu koenshu henshu iinkai, ed., (Toyko: Dodai keizai konwakai, 1987), pp 59-60.[ELCY] Gaines, Helen Fouche, Cryptanalysis, Dover, New York, 1956.[ENIG] Tyner, Clarence E. Jr., and Randall K. Nichols, "ENIGMA95 - A Simulation of Enhanced Enigma Cipher Machine on A Standard Personal Computer," for publication, November, 1995.[EPST] Epstein, Sam and Beryl, "The First Book of Codes and Ciphers," Ambassador Books, Toronto, Canada, 1956.[ERSK] Erskine, Ralph, "Naval Enigma: The Breaking of Heimisch and Triton," Intelligence and National Security 3, Jan. 1988.[EVES] Eves, Howard, "An Introduction to the History of Mathematics, " New York, Holt Rinehart winston, 1964.[EYRA] Eyraud, Charles, "Precis de Cryptographie Moderne'" Paris, 1953.[FL] Anonymous, The Friedman Legacy: A Tribute to William and Elizabeth Friedman, National Security Agency, Central Security Service, Center for Cryptological History,1995.[FLI1] Flicke, W. F., "War Secrets in the Ether - Volume I," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977.[FLIC] Flicke, W. F., "War Secrets in the Ether - Volume II," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977.[FLIC] Flicke, W. F., "War Secrets in the Ether," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1994.[FOWL] Fowler, Mark and Radhi Parekh, " Codes and Ciphers, - Advanced Level," EDC Publishing, Tulsa OK, 1994. (clever and work)[FREB] Friedman, William F., "Cryptology," The Encyclopedia Britannica, all editions since 1929. A classic article by the greatest cryptanalyst.[FRSG] Friedman, William F., "Solving German Codes in World War I, " Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977.[FR1] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part I - Volume 1, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1985.[FR2] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part I - Volume 2, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1985.[FR3] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part III, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1995.[FR4] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part IV, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1995.[FR5] Friedman, William F. Military Cryptanalysis - Part I, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1980.[FR6] Friedman, William F. Military Cryptanalysis - Part II, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1980.[FR7] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part II - Volume 1, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1985.[FR8] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part II - Volume 2, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1985.[FRE] Friedman, William F. , "Elements of Cryptanalysis," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976.[FREA] Friedman, William F. , "Advanced Military Cryptography," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976.[FREB] Friedman, William F. , "Elementary Military Cryptography," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976.[FRAA] Friedman, William F. , "American Army Field Codes in The American Expeditionary Forces During the First World War, USA 1939.[FRAB] Friedman, W. F., Field Codes used by the German Army During World War. 1919.[FR22] Friedman, William F., The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications In Cryptography, Publication 22, The Riverbank Publications, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1979.[FRS6] Friedman, W. F., "Six Lectures On Cryptology," National Archives, SRH-004.[FR8] Friedman, W. F., "Cryptography and Cryptanalysis Articles," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976.[FR9] Friedman, W. F., "History of the Use of Codes," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977.[FRZM] Friedman, William F.,and Charles J. Mendelsohn, "The Zimmerman Telegram of January 16, 1917 and its Cryptographic Background," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976.[FROM] Fromkin, V and Rodman, R., "Introduction to Language," 4th ed.,Holt Reinhart & Winston, New York, 1988.[FRS] Friedman, William F. and Elizabeth S., "The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined," Cambridge University Press, London, 1957.[FUMI] Fumio Nakamura, Rikugun ni okeru COMINT no hoga to hatten," The Journal of National Defense, 16-1 (June 1988) pp85 - 87.[GAJ] Gaj, Krzysztof, "Szyfr Enigmy: Metody zlamania," Warsaw Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Lacznosci, 1989.[GAR1] Gardner, Martin, "536 Puzzles and Curious Problems," Scribners, 1967.[GAR2] Gardner, Martin, "Mathematics, Magic, and Mystery ," Dover, 1956.[GAR3] Gardner, Martin, "New Mathematical Diversions from Scientific American," Simon and Schuster, 1966.[GAR4] Gardner, Martin, "Sixth Book of Mathematical Games from Scientific American," Simon and Schuster, 1971.[GARL] Garlinski, Jozef, 'The Swiss Corridor', Dent, London 1981.[GAR1] Garlinski, Jozef, 'Hitler's Last Weapons', Methuen, London 1978.[GAR2] Garlinski, Jozef, 'The Enigma War', New York, Scribner, 1979.[GE] "Security," General Electric, Reference manual Rev. B., 3503.01, Mark III Service, 1977.[GERH] Gerhard, William D., "Attack on the U.S, Liberty," SRH-256, Aegean Park Press, 1981.[GERM] "German Dictionary," Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1983.[GIVI] Givierge, General Marcel, " Course In Cryptography," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1978. Also, M. Givierge, "Cours de Cryptographie," Berger-Levrault, Paris, 1925.[GLEN] Gleason, Norma, "Fun With Codes and Ciphers Workbook," Dover, New York, 1988.[GLEA] Gleason, A. M., "Elementary Course in Probability for the Cryptanalyst," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1985.[GLOV] Glover, D. Beaird, "Secret Ciphers of the 1876 Presidential Election," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1991.[GODD] Goddard, Eldridge and Thelma, "Cryptodyct," Marion, Iowa, 1976[GORD] Gordon, Cyrus H., " Forgotten Scripts: Their Ongoing Discovery and Decipherment," Basic Books, New York, 1982.[GRA1] Grandpre: "Grandpre, A. de--Cryptologist. Part 1 'Cryptographie Pratique - The Origin of the Grandpre', ISHCABIBEL, The Cryptogram, SO60, American Cryptogram Association, 1960.[GRA2] Grandpre: "Grandpre Ciphers", ROGUE, The Cryptogram, SO63, American Cryptogram Association, 1963.[GRA3] Grandpre: "Grandpre", Novice Notes, LEDGE, The Cryptogram, MJ75, American Cryptogram Association,1975[GRAH] Graham, L. A., "Ingenious Mathematical Problems and Methods," Dover, 1959.[GREU] Greulich, Helmut, "Spion in der Streichholzschachtel: Raffinierte Methoden der Abhortechnik, Gutersloh: Bertelsmann, 1969.[GUST] Gustave, B., "Enigma:ou, la plus grande 'enigme de la guerre 1939-1945." Paris:Plon, 1973.[GYLD] Gylden, Yves, "The Contribution of the Cryptographic Bureaus in mthe World War," Aegean Park Press, 1978.[HA] Hahn, Karl, " Frequency of Letters", English Letter Usage Statistics using as a sample, "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens, Usenet SCI.Crypt, 4 Aug 1994.[HAGA] Hagamen,W. D. et. al., "Encoding Verbal Information as Unique Numbers," IBM Systems Journal, Vol 11, No. 4, 1972.[HAWA] Hitchcock, H. R., "Hawaiian," Charles E. Tuttle, Co., Toyko, 1968.[HAWC] Hawcock, David and MacAllister, Patrick, "Puzzle Power! Multidimensional Codes, Illusions, Numbers, and Brainteasers," Little, Brown and Co., New York, 1994.[HELD] Held, Gilbert, "Top Secret Data Encryption Techniques," Prentice Hall, 1993. (great title..limited use)[HEMP] Hempfner, Philip and Tania, "Pattern Word List For Divided and Undivided Cryptograms," unpublished manuscript, 1984.[HEPP] Hepp, Leo, "Die Chiffriermaschine 'ENIGMA'", F-Flagge, 1978.[HIDE] Hideo Kubota, " Zai-shi dai-go kokugun tokushu joho senshi." unpublished manuscript, NIDS.[HILL] Hill, Lester, S., "Cryptography in an Algebraic Alphabet", The American Mathematical Monthly, June-July 1929.[HIL1] Hill, L. S. 1929. Cryptography in an Algebraic Alphabet. American Mathematical Monthly. 36:306-312.[HIL2] Hill, L. S. 1931. 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" Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976.[HODG] Hodges, Andrew, "Alan Turing: The Enigma," New York, Simon and Schuster, 1983.[HOFF] Hoffman, Lance J., editor, "Building In Big Brother: The Cryptographic Policy Debate," Springer-Verlag, N.Y.C., 1995. ( A useful and well balanced book of cryptographic resource materials. )[HOF1] Hoffman, Lance. J., et. al.," Cryptography Policy," Communications of the ACM 37, 1994, pp. 109-17.[HOLM Holmes, W. J., "Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During WWII", Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1979.[HOM1] Homophonic: A Multiple Substitution Number Cipher", S- TUCK, The Cryptogram, DJ45, American Cryptogram Association, 1945.[HOM2] Homophonic: Bilinear Substitution Cipher, Straddling," ISHCABIBEL, The Cryptogram, AS48, American Cryptogram Association, 1948.[HOM3] Homophonic: Computer Column:"Homophonic Solving," PHOENIX, The Cryptogram, MA84, American Cryptogram Association, 1984.[HOM4] Homophonic: Hocheck Cipher,", SI SI, The Cryptogram, JA90, American Cryptogram Association, 1990.[HOM5] Homophonic: "Homophonic Checkerboard," GEMINATOR, The Cryptogram, MA90, American Cryptogram Association, 1990.[HOM6] Homophonic: "Homophonic Number Cipher," (Novice Notes) LEDGE, The Cryptogram, SO71, American Cryptogram Association, 1971.[HUNG] Rip Van Winkel, "Hungarian," The Cryptogram, March - April, American Cryptogram Association, 1956.[HYDE] H. Montgomery Hyde, "Room 3603, The Story of British Intelligence Center in New York During World War II", New York, Farrar, Straus, 1963.[IBM1] IBM Research Reports, Vol 7., No 4, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, N.Y., 1971.[IMPE] D'Imperio, M. E, " The Voynich Manuscript - An Elegant Enigma," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976.[INDE] PHOENIX, Index to the Cryptogram: 1932-1993, ACA, 1994.[ITAL] Italian - English Dictionary, compiled by Vittore E. Bocchetta, Fawcett Premier, New York, 1965.[JAPA] Martin, S.E., "Basic Japanese Conversation Dictionary," Charles E. Tuttle Co., Toyko, 1981.[JAPH] "Operational History of Japanese Naval Communications, December 1941- August 1945, Monograph by Japanese General Staff and War Ministry, Aegean Park Press, 1985.[JOHN] Johnson, Brian, 'The Secret War', Arrow Books, London 1979.[KADI] al-Kadi, Ibrahim A., Cryptography and Data Security: Cryptographic Properties of Arabic, Proceedings of the Third Saudi Engineering Conference. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Nov 24-27, Vol 2:910-921., 1991.[KAHN] Kahn, David, "The Codebreakers", Macmillian Publishing Co. , 1967.[KAH1] Kahn, David, "Kahn On Codes - Secrets of the New Cryptology," MacMillan Co., New York, 1983.[KAH2] Kahn, David, "An Enigma Chronology", Cryptologia Vol XVII,Number 3, July 1993.[KAH3] Kahn, David, "Seizing The Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes 1939-1943 ", Houghton Mifflin, New York, 1991.[KARA] Karalekas, Anne, "History of the Central Intelligence Agency," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977.[KASI] Kasiski, Major F. W. , "Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrir-kunst," Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, 1872.[KAS1] Bowers, M. W., {ZEMBIE} "Major F. W. Kasiski - Cryptologist," The Cryptogram, XXXI, JF, 1964.[KERC] Kerckhoffs, "la Cryptographie Militaire, " Journel des Sciences militaires, 9th series, IX, (January and February, 1883, Libraire Militaire de L. Baudoin &Co., Paris. English trans. by Warren T, McCready of the University of Toronto, 1964[KOBL] Koblitz, Neal, " A Course in Number Theory and Cryptography, 2nd Ed, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994.[KONH] Konheim, Alan G., "Cryptography -A Primer" , John Wiley, 1981, pp 212 ff.[KORD] Kordemsky, B., "The Moscow Puzzles," Schribners, 1972.[KOTT] Kottack, Phillip Conrad, "Anthropology: The Exploration Of Human Diversity," 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1994.[KOZA] Kozaczuk, Dr. Wladyslaw, "Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher was Broken and How it Was Read by the Allies in WWI", University Pub, 1984.[KRAI] Kraitchek, "Mathematical Recreations," Norton, 1942, and Dover, 1963.[KULL] Kullback, Solomon, Statistical Methods in Cryptanalysis, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1976[LAFF] Laffin, John, "Codes and Ciphers: Secret Writing Through The Ages," Abelard-Schuman, London, 1973.[LAI] Lai, Xuejia, "On the Design and Security of Block Ciphers," ETH Series in Information Processing 1, 1992. (Article defines the IDEA Cipher)[LAIM] Lai, Xuejia, and James L. Massey, "A Proposal for a New Block Encryption Standard," Advances in Cryptology - Eurocrypt 90 Proceedings, 1992, pp. 55-70.[LAKE] Lakoff, R., "Language and the Women's Place," Harper & Row, New York, 1975.[LANG] Langie, Andre, "Cryptography," translated from French by J.C.H. Macbeth, Constable and Co., London, 1922.[LAN1] Langie, Andre, "Cryptography - A Study on Secret Writings", Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1989.[LAN2] Langie, Andre, and E. A. Soudart, "Treatise on Cryptography, " Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1991.[LATI] BRASSPOUNDER, "Latin Language Data, "The Cryptogram," July-August 1993.[LAUE] Lauer, Rudolph F., "Computer Simulation of Classical Substitution Cryptographic Systems" Aegean Park Press, 1981, p72 ff.[LEAR] Leary, Penn, " The Second Cryptographic Shakespeare," Omaha, NE [from author] 1994.[LEA1] Leary, Penn, " Supplement to The Second Cryptographic Shakespeare," Omaha, NE [from author] 1994.[LEAU] Leaute, H., "Sur les Mecanismes Cryptographiques de M. de Viaris," Le Genie Civil, XIII, Sept 1, 1888.[LEDG] LEDGE, "NOVICE NOTES," American Cryptogram Association, 1994. [ One of the best introductory texts on ciphers written by an expert in the field. Not only well written, clear to understand but as authoritative as they come! ][LENS] Lenstra, A.K. et. al. "The Number Field Sieve," Proceedings of the 22 ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing," Baltimore, ACM Press, 1990, pp 564-72.[LEN1] Lenstra, A.K. et. al. "The Factorization of the Ninth Fermat Number," Mathematics of Computation 61 1993, pp. 319-50.[LEWI] Lewin, Ronald, 'Ultra goes to War', Hutchinson, London 1978.[LEW1] Lewin, Ronald, 'The American Magic - Codes, ciphers and The Defeat of Japan', Farrar Straus Giroux, 1982.[LEWY] Lewy, Guenter, "America In Vietnam", Oxford University Press, New York, 1978.[LEVI] Levine, J., U.S. Cryptographic Patents 1861-1981, Cryptologia, Terre Haute, In 1983.[LEV1] Levine, J. 1961. Some Elementary Cryptanalysis of Algebraic Cryptography. American Mathematical Monthly. 68:411-418[LEV2] Levine, J. 1961. Some Applications of High- Speed Computers to the Case n =2 of Algebraic Cryptography. Mathematics of Computation. 15:254-260[LEV3] Levine, J. 1963. Analysis of the Case n =3 in Algebraic Cryptography With Involuntary Key Matrix With Known Alphabet. Journal fuer die Reine und Angewante Mathematik. 213:1-30.[LISI] Lisicki, Tadeusz, 'Dzialania Enigmy', Orzet Biaty, London July-August, 1975; 'Enigma i Lacida', Przeglad lacznosci, London 1974- 4; 'Pogromcy Enigmy we Francji', Orzet Biaty, London, Sept. 1975.'[LYNC] Lynch, Frederick D., "Pattern Word List, Vol 1.," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977.[LYSI] Lysing, Henry, aka John Leonard Nanovic, "Secret Writing," David Kemp Co., NY 1936.[MACI] Macintyre, D., "The Battle of the Atlantic," New York, Macmillan, 1961.[MADA] Madachy, J. S., "Mathematics on Vacation," Scribners, 1972.[MAGN] Magne, Emile, Le plaisant Abbe de Boisrobert, Paris, Mecure de France, 1909.[MANN] Mann, B.,"Cryptography with Matrices," The Pentagon, Vol 21, Fall 1961.[MANS] Mansfield, Louis C. S., "The Solution of Codes and Ciphers", Alexander Maclehose & Co., London, 1936.[MARO] Marotta, Michael, E. "The Code Book - All About Unbreakable Codes and How To Use Them," Loompanics Unlimited, 1979. [This is a terrible book. Badly written, without proper authority, unprofessional, and prejudicial to boot. And, it has one of the better illustrations of the Soviet one-time pad with example, with three errors in cipher text, that I have corrected for the author.][MARS] Marshall, Alan, "Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II," 1660-1665, Cambridge University, New York, N.Y., 1994.[MART] Martin, James, "Security, Accuracy and Privacy in Computer Systems," Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973.[MAST] Lewis, Frank W., "Solving Cipher Problems - Cryptanalysis, Probabilities and Diagnostics," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1992.[MAU] Mau, Ernest E., "Word Puzzles With Your Microcomputer," Hayden Books, 1990.[MAVE] Mavenel, Denis L., Lettres, Instructions Diplomatiques et Papiers d' Etat du Cardinal Richelieu, Historie Politique, Paris 1853-1877 Collection.[MAYA] Coe, M. D., "Breaking The Maya Code," Thames and Hudson, New York, 1992.[MAZU] Mazur, Barry, "Questions On Decidability and Undecidability in Number Theory," Journal of Symbolic Logic, Volume 54, Number 9, June, 1994.[MELL] Mellen G. 1981. Graphic Solution of a Linear Transformation Cipher. Cryptologia. 5:1-19.[MEND] Mendelsohn, Capt. C. J., Studies in German Diplomatic Codes Employed During World War, GPO, 1937.[MERK] Merkle, Ralph, "Secrecy, Authentication and Public Key Systems," Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press, 1982.[MER1] Merkle, Ralph, "Secure Communications Over Insecure Channels," Communications of the ACM 21, 1978, pp. 294- 99.[MER2] Merkle, Ralph and Martin E. Hellman, "On the Security of Multiple Encryption ," Communications of the ACM 24, 1981, pp. 465-67.[MER3] Merkle, Ralph and Martin E. Hellman, "Hiding Information and Signatures in Trap Door Knapsacks," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 24, 1978, pp. 525- 30.[MILL] Millikin, Donald, " Elementary Cryptography ", NYU Bookstore, NY, 1943.[MM] Meyer, C. H., and Matyas, S. M., " CRYPTOGRAPHY - A New Dimension in Computer Data Security, " Wiley Interscience, New York, 1982.[MODE] Modelski, Tadeusz, 'The Polish Contribution to the Ultimate Allied Victory in the Second World War', Worthing (Sussex) 1986.[MRAY] Mrayati, Mohammad, Yahya Meer Alam and Hassan al- Tayyan., Ilm at-Ta'miyah wa Istikhraj al-Mu,amma Ind al-Arab. Vol 1. Damascus: The Arab Academy of Damascus., 1987.[MULL] Mulligan, Timothy," The German Navy Examines its Cryptographic Security, Oct. 1941, Military affairs, vol 49, no 2, April 1985.[MYER] Myer, Albert, "Manual of Signals," Washington, D.C., USGPO, 1879.[NBS] National Bureau of Standards, "Data Encryption Standard," FIPS PUB 46-1, 1987.[NIBL] Niblack, A. P., "Proposed Day, Night and Fog Signals for the Navy with Brief Description of the Ardois Hight System," In Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute, 1891.[NIC1] Nichols, Randall K., "Xeno Data on 10 Different Languages," ACA-L, August 18, 1995.[NIC2] Nichols, Randall K., "Chinese Cryptography Parts 1-3," ACA-L, August 24, 1995.[NIC3] Nichols, Randall K., "German Reduction Ciphers Parts 1-4," ACA-L, September 15, 1995.[NIC4] Nichols, Randall K., "Russian Cryptography Parts 1-3," ACA-L, September 05, 1995.[NIC5] Nichols, Randall K., "A Tribute to William F. Friedman", NCSA FORUM, August 20, 1995.[NIC6] Nichols, Randall K., "Wallis and Rossignol," NCSA FORUM, September 25, 1995.[NIC7] Nichols, Randall K., "Arabic Contributions to Cryptography,", in The Cryptogram, ND95, ACA, 1995.[NIC8] Nichols, Randall K., "U.S. Coast Guard Shuts Down Morse Code System," The Cryptogram, SO95, ACA publications, 1995.[NIC9] Nichols, Randall K., "PCP Cipher," NCSA FORUM, March 10, 1995.[NICX] Nichols, R. K., Keynote Speech to A.C.A. Convention, "Breaking Ciphers in Other Languages.," New Orleans, La., 1993.[NICK] Nickels, Hamilton, "Codemaster: Secrets of Making and Breaking Codes," Paladin Press, Boulder, CO., 1990.[NORM] Norman, Bruce, 'Secret Warfare', David & Charles, Newton Abbot (Devon) 1973.[NORW] Marm, Ingvald and Sommerfelt, Alf, "Norwegian," Teach Yourself Books, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1967.[NSA] NSA's Friedman Legacy - A Tribute to William and Elizabeth Friedman, NSA Center for Cryptological History, 1992, pp 201 ff.[OHAV] OHAVER, M. E., "Solving Cipher Secrets," Aegean Park Press, 1989.[OKLA] Andre, Josephine and Richard V. Andree, "Cryptarithms," Unit One, Problem Solving and Logical Thinking, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Ok. Copy No: 486, 1976.[OKLI] Andre, Josephine and Richard V. Andree, " Instructors Manual For Cryptarithms," Unit One, Problem Solving and Logical Thinking, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Ok. Copy No: 486, 1976.[OP20] "Course in Cryptanalysis," OP-20-G', Navy Department, Office of Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, 1941.[PEAR] "Pearl Harbor Revisited," U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence, 1924-1941, U.S. Cryptological History Series, Series IV, World War II, Volume 6, NSA CSS , CH-E32-94-01, 1994.[PERR] Perrault, Charles, Tallement des Reaux, Les Historiettes, Bibliotheque del La Pleiade, Paris 1960, pp 256-258.[PGP] Garfinkel, Simson, "PGP: Pretty Good Privacy," O'reilly and Associates, Inc. Sebastopol, CA. 1995.[PHIL] Phillips, H., "My Best Puzzles in Logic and Reasoning," Dover, 1961.[PIER] Pierce, Clayton C., "Cryptoprivacy", 325 Carol Drive, Ventura, Ca. 93003, 1994.[PIE1] Pierce, Clayton C., "Privacy, Cryptography, and Secure Communication ", 325 Carol Drive, Ventura, Ca. 93003, 1977.[POLY] Polya, G., "Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning," Princeton Press, 1954.[POL1] Polya, G., "How To Solve It.," Princeton Press, 1948.[POPE] Pope, Maurice, "The Story of Decipherment: From Egyptian Hieroglyphic to Linear B., Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1975.[PORT] Barker, Wayne G. "Cryptograms in Portuguese," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA., 1986.[POR1] Aliandro, Hygino, "The Portuguese-English Dictionary," Pocket Books, New York, N.Y., 1960.[POUN] Poundstone, William, "Biggest Secrets," Quill Publishing, New York, 1993. ( Explodes the The Beale Cipher Hoax.)[PRIC] Price, A.,"Instruments of Darkness: the History of Electronic Warfare, London, Macdonalds and Janes, 1977.[PROT] "Protecting Your Privacy - A Comprehensive Report On Eavesdropping Techniques and Devices and Their Corresponding Countermeasures," Telecommunications Publishing Inc., 1979.[RAJ1] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 2 to 6 Letters," G & C. Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1977.[RAJ2] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 7 to 8 Letters," G & C. Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1980.[RAJ3] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 9 to 10 Letters," G & C. Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1981.[RAJ4] "Non Pattern Words of 3 to 14 Letters," RAJA Books, Norman, OK. 1982.[RAJ5] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 10 Letters," G & C. Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1982.[RB1] Friedman, William F., The Riverbank Publications, Volume 1," Aegean Park Press, 1979.[RB2] Friedman, William F., The Riverbank Publications, Volume 2," Aegean Park Press, 1979.[RB3] Friedman, William F., The Riverbank Publications, Volume 3," Aegean Park Press, 1979.[REJE] Rejewski, Marian, "Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher" published in vol 6, #1, Jan 1982 Cryptologia pp 1-37.[RELY] Relyea, Harold C., "Evolution and Organization of Intelligence Activities in the United States," Aegean Park Press, 1976.[RENA] Renauld, P. "La Machine a' chiffrer 'Enigma'", Bulletin Trimestriel de l'association des Amis de L'Ecole superieure de guerre no 78, 1978.[RHEE] Rhee, Man Young, "Cryptography and Secure Commun- ications," McGraw Hill Co, 1994[RIVE] Rivest, Ron, "Ciphertext: The RSA Newsletter 1, 1993.[RIV1] Rivest, Ron, Shamir, A and L. Adleman, "A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public Key Cryptosystems," Communications of the ACM 21, 1978.[ROAC] Roach, T., "Hobbyist's Guide To COMINT Collection and Analysis," 1330 Copper Peak Lane, San Jose, Ca. 95120- 4271, 1994.[ROBO] NYPHO, The Cryptogram, Dec 1940, Feb, 1941.[ROHE] Jurgen Rohwer's Comparative Analysis of Allied and Axis Radio-Intelligence in the Battle of the Atlantic, Proceedings of the 13th Military History Symposium, USAF Academy, 1988, pp 77-109.[ROHW] Rohwer Jurgen, "Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943," London, Ian Allan, 1977.[ROH1] Rohwer Jurgen, "Nachwort: Die Schlacht im Atlantik in der Historischen Forschung, Munchen: Bernard and Graefe, 1980.[ROH2] Rohwer Jurgen, et. al. , "Chronology of the War at Sea, Vol I, 1939-1942, London, Ian Allan, 1972.[ROH3] Rohwer Jurgen, "U-Boote, Eine Chronik in Bildern, Oldenburs, Stalling, 1962. Skizzen der 8 Phasen.[ROOM] Hyde, H. Montgomery, "Room 3603, The Story of British Intelligence Center in New York During World War II", New York, Farrar, Straus, 1963.[ROSE] Budge, E. A. Wallis, "The Rosetta Stone," British Museum Press, London, 1927.[RSA] RSA Data Security, Inc., "Mailsafe: Public Key Encryption Software Users Manual, Version 5.0, Redwood City, CA, 1994[RUNY] Runyan, T. J. and Jan M. Copes "To Die Gallently", Westview Press 1994, p85-86 ff.[RYSK] Norbert Ryska and Siegfried Herda, "Kryptographische Verfahren in der Datenverarbeitung," Gesellschaft fur Informatik, Berlin, Springer-Verlag1980.[SADL] Sadler, A. L., "The Code of the Samurai," Rutland and Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1969.[SACC] Sacco, Generale Luigi, " Manuale di Crittografia", 3rd ed., Rome, 1947.[SALE] Salewski, Michael, "Die Deutscher Seekriegsleitung, 1938- 1945, Frankfurt/Main: Bernard and Graefe, 1970- 1974. 3 volumes.[SANB] Sanbohonbu, ed., "Sanbohonbu kotokan shokuinhyo." NIDS Archives.[SAPR] Sapir, E., "Conceptual Categories in Primitive Language," Science: 74: 578-584., 1931.[SASS] Sassoons, George, "Radio Hackers Code Book", Duckworth, London, 1986.[SCHN] Schneier, Bruce, "Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code C," John Wiley and Sons, 1994.[SCH2] Schneier, Bruce, "Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code C," 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1995.[SCHU] Schuh, fred, "Master Book of Mathematical Recreation," Dover, 1968.[SCHW] Schwab, Charles, "The Equalizer," Charles Schwab, San Francisco, 1994.[SEBE] Seberry, Jennifer and Joseph Pieprzyk, "Cryptography: An Introduction to Computer Security," Prentice Hall, 1989. [CAREFUL! Lots of Errors - Basic research efforts may be flawed - see Appendix A pg 307 for example.][SHAN] Shannon, C. E., "The Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems," Bell System Technical Journal, Vol 28 (October 1949).[SHIN] Shinsaku Tamura, "Myohin kosaku," San'ei Shuppansha, Toyko, 1953.[SIC1] S.I. Course in Cryptanalysis, Volume I, June 1942, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills , CA. 1989.[SIC2] S.I. Course in Cryptanalysis, Volume II, June 1942, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills , CA. 1989.[SIG1] "International Code Of Signals For Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications," Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topographic Center, United States Ed. Revised 1981[SIG2] "International Code Of Signals For Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications," U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, United States Ed., Pub. 102, 1969.[SIMM] Simmons, G. J., "How To Insure that Data Acquired to Verify Treaty Compliance are Trustworthy, " in "Authentication without secrecy: A secure communications problem uniquely solvable by asymmetric encryption techniques.", IEEE EASCON 79, Washington, 1979, pp. 661- 62.[SINK] Sinkov, Abraham, "Elementary Cryptanalysis", The Mathematical Association of America, NYU, 1966.[SISI] Pierce, C.C., "Cryptoprivacy," Author/Publisher, Ventura Ca., 1995. (XOR Logic and SIGTOT teleprinters)[SMIH] Smith, David E., "John Wallis as Cryptographer", Bulletin of American Mathematical Society, XXIV, 1917.[SMIT] Smith, Laurence D., "Cryptography, the Science of Secret Writing," Dover, NY, 1943.[SOLZ] Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. , "The Gulag Archipelago I- III, " Harper and Row, New York, N.Y., 1975.[SPAN] Barker, Wayne G. "Cryptograms in Spanish," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA., 1986.[SPEE] "Speech and Facsimile Scrambling and Decoding - A Basic Text on Speech Scrambling," Aegean Park Press, 1981.[STEV] Stevenson, William, 'A Man Called INTREPID', Macmillan, London 1976.[STIN] Stinson, D. R., "Cryptography, Theory and Practice," CRC Press, London, 1995.[STIX] Stix, F., Zur Geschicte und Organisation der Wiener Geheimen Ziffernkanzlei, Mitteilungen des Osterreichischen Instituts fir Geschichtsforschung, LI 1937.[STUR] Sturtevant, E. H. and Bechtel, G., "A Hittite Chrestomathy," Linguistic Society of American and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1935.[SUVO] Suvorov, Viktor "Inside Soviet Military Intelligence," Berkley Press, New York, 1985.[TERR] Terrett, D., "The Signal Corps: The Emergency (to December 1941); G. R. Thompson, et. al, The Test( December 1941 - July 1943); D. Harris and G. Thompson, The Outcome;(Mid 1943 to 1945), Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, USGPO, Washington,1956 -1966.[THEO] Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, "Thunder Out Of China," William Sloane Assoc., New York, 1946.[THOM] Thompson, Ken, "Reflections on Trusting Trust," Communications of the ACM 27, 1984.[TILD] Glover, D. Beaird, Secret Ciphers of The 1876 Presidential Election, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1991.[TM32] TM 32-250, Fundamentals of Traffic Analysis (Radio Telegraph) Department of the Army, 1948.[TRAD] U. S. Army Military History Institute, "Traditions of The Signal Corps., Washington, D.C., USGPO, 1959.[TRAI] Lange, Andre and Soudart, E. A., "Treatise On Cryptography," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1981.[TRIB] Anonymous, New York Tribune, Extra No. 44, "The Cipher Dispatches, New York, 1879.[TRIT] Trithemius:Paul Chacornac, "Grandeur et Adversite de Jean Tritheme ,Paris: Editions Traditionelles, 1963.[TUCK] Harris, Frances A., "Solving Simple Substitution Ciphers," ACA, 1959.[TUKK] Tuckerman, B., "A Study of The Vigenere-Vernam Single and Multiple Loop Enciphering Systems," IBM Report RC2879, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, N.Y. 1970.[TURN] Turn, Rein, "Advances in Computer Security," Artec House, New York, 1982. [Original papers on Public Key Cryptography, RSA, DES][UBAL] Ubaldino Mori Ubaldini, "I Sommergibili begli Oceani: La Marina Italian nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale," vol XII, Roma, Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, 1963.[USAA] U. S. 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O., "The Chinese Black Chamber," Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1983.[YOKO] Yukio Yokoyama, "Tokushu joho kaisoka," unpublished handwritten manuscript.[YOUS] Youshkevitch, A. P., Geschichte der Mathematik im Mittelatter, Liepzig, Germany: Teubner, 1964.[YUKI] Yukio Nishihara, "Kantogan tai-So Sakusenshi," Vol 17., unpublished manuscript, National Institute for Defense Studies Military Archives, Tokyo.,(hereafter NIDS Archives)[ZIM] Zim, Herbert S., "Codes and Secret Writing." William Morrow Co., New York, 1948.[ZEND] Callimahos, L. D., Traffic Analysis and the Zendian Problem, Agean Park Press, 1984. (also available through NSA Center for Cryptologic History)Text converted to HTML on June 29, 1998 by Joe Peschel.Any mistakes you find are quite likely mine. Please let me know about them by e-mailing:
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Joe Peschel